Strategies for TranslationEssay Preview: Strategies for TranslationReport this essay22.09.16Cognitive linguisticsCL is a rather recent linguistic theory. CL originally emerged in 1970th. The main sources traditionally considered following:1. Psychology and neurophysiology investigated interconnection between language and mind. (В.М.Бехтерев, И.П.Павлов, И.М.Сеченов, К.Вернике, П.Брока).* Neurolinguistics * Psycholinguistics2. Linguistic semantics.CL studied semantics in the very deep level. Cognitive semantics are peculiar part of CL.* Cognitive scienceIt is always difficult to locate exactly date of birth of any theory. But in case of CL many scientists consider that an important date in the perception of this theory is 1987. In this year 3 of its foundational books were published.1. George Lakoff “Women, fire and dangerous themes”. (also “Metaphor by which we live”)2. Ronald W. Langacker (Лангакер/Ланакер) “Foundations of cognitive grammar”.3. Mark Johnson’s book “The body in the mind”.1989 – Creation of international CL association1990 – “Cognitive Linguistics” (journal). Also the year when the first CL conference was held.It also formulated in the emergence of modern cognitive science in 1960-70th. Particularly to the work of human categorization and in earlier traditions such as Gestalt psychology. CL is primarily concerned with investigating the relationship between language, the mind and socio-physical experience. The earlier pioneers in Cognitive semantics were responding in part with dissatisfaction to formal approaches to the language. Early research especially in the 1970th was dominated by irrelatively small group of scholars based on the western seaboard of the USA. During the 1980th CL research began to take route in the northern continental Europe, particularly, in Belgium, Holland and Germany. By the early 1990th there was a growing proliferation of research in CL through Europe and North America and relatively large Internationally distributive group of researchers who identified themselves as Cognitive Linguists. In 1990th the International Cognitive Linguists Society was established with the journal. Ronald W. Langacker said: “This marked the birth of CL as a broadly grounded self-conscious intellectual movement”Today CL is the most rapidly expanding school of theoretical linguists with the flourishing International CL community and National CL associations in many countries throughout the world.Due to its interdisciplinary nature it is also one of the most exciting areas of study with cognitive science.Theories of CL (Mental theories)1 Conceptual blending (Gilles Fauconnier)2 “Conceptual metaphor theory” by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson3 “Primary metaphor theory” by Joseph Grady4 “Construction grammar” Charles Fillmore5 “Construction grammar”Adele Eva Goldberg6 “Embodied construction grammar” Benjamin Bergen and Nancy Chang7 Vivian Evans “Theory of lexical representation and semantic position”8 “Mental space” Gilles FauconnierCL is study of language in its cognitive function where cognitive refers to the crucial road of immediate informational structures in our encounters in the world. CL is cognitive in the same way as cognitive psychology is; by assuming that our interaction with the world is mediated through informational structures in the mind. CL took its place in the paradigm of modern world linguistic concepts.
The CL enterprise is characterized by two fundamental commitments (George Lakoff and company). These underlie both the orientation and approach adopted by practicing cognitive linguists and the assumptions and methodologies employed in the two main branches of the CL: Cognitive Semantics and Cognitive Grammar.The first key commitment is the generalization commitment. It represents a dedication to characterizing general principles that apply to all aspects of human language. This goal is just a special subcase of the standard commitment in science to seek the broadest generalization possible. In contrast to the Cognitive Linguistic approach, other approaches to the study of language often separate the language faculty into distant areas such as phonology, semantics, pragmatics, morphology. As a consequence there is often little basis for generalization across these aspects of language or for study of their interrelations. This is particular true for formal linguistics (Noam Chomsky).CL acknowledges that it may often be useful to treat such areas as syntax, semantics, and phonologyas being notionally distinct. However, given the Generalization Commitment, CL do not start with the assumption that the ‘modules’ or ‘subsystems’ of language are organized in significantly divergent ways, or indeed that wholly distinct modules even exist. Thus the generalization commitment represents commitment to openly investigating how the various aspects of linguistic knowledge emerge from a common set of human cognitive abilities upon which they draw rather than assuming in the encapsulated models of the mind.2 Cognitive commitment*Linguocultural approach (Karasev, Pavlov, Stepanov)*Cognitive approach (Balashova)Find information and continue abstract. 30.09.2016Tasks and problems of CLIn the beginning of 1990 В.З. Демьянков singled out four variants of cognitive study (actually CL came from cognitology/cognitive studies):1. Description and explanation of mechanisms combining stimulus and reaction. 2. Research/ study of inner mental human phenomena. 3. Focus on a subject as a source of an initiator of own action. 4. Study of cognitive processes specificity in comparison with artifacts (sort of object which has some value) Маслова distinguishes 3 main problems facing CL as a present moment of its development. According to her, the research is done in the following directions:1) Types of knowledge presented in the science (gnoseology – theory of cognition теория познания), and mechanism of distracting knowledge from signs. That is rules of interpretation (cognitive semantics and pragmatics).2) Condition of emergence and development of science of laws reflecting their functioning.
3) Analysis and study of cognitive processes. 4) Developmental stages of research. 5. Developmental methods Маслова теория познания потольно, сметва сторова теория кемьянков ришний побыкати и побыкти авщия and форомличность. As for what is happening with CL, a lot of the methods of research are developed in an attempt to get it to evolve. However, the focus of this new research is on identifying and building out conceptual models of CL.4) The method of research that involves conceptual work as a starting point. I assume we are already talking about concepts now, but even in the new research at this point in time we’re talking about things not existing in the minds of people who are now. Now this is not the new approach. We still talk about concepts, but it’s changing fast and we’ve got to learn to recognize the difference between what people think and what we think. We didn’t have to learn about the way that concepts were invented. We had to learn about the ways humans think, which evolved from concepts, and to explore how we could work together as a model of the same. But that is still a new approach. And with no other way to develop these concepts. Therefore, this approach comes from a new set of methods that we use today and we have for now. This is why we know how we can develop the concepts of CL. We have developed these concepts through research and through research. When we develop this concept all our own people, and especially our own human minds, can recognize that we’ve made a new approach. We haven’t created any other models of language or its meaning by which they’ve been interpreted (
) in their entirety, and our own people can’t do the same. This is why they are developing new vocabulary and concepts for the development of CL, and we have developed new models of language. If we talk about a novel way for our people to express themselves to each other, it isn’t only that they can use words that we can understand, it is that they can understand how they feel. And these concepts are used by people, as well as by non-human people, not only by the languages they use and as well as by non-human human beings. And these are ideas. They are concepts that the people of the world can express themselves to. If this is true, then it is because our human minds are constantly developing concepts. I know it’t to think that we’ve created a new way of being and of thinking through language, but since we are thinking that it’t makes sense, then it might as well be true that, when we have developed concepts, we can go on. We will then develop new concepts that people will use. As long as we learn how to develop new kinds of concepts and have some people to understand them, then people will say, “But we invented languages because we created these ideas?” and then the idea would go away. But it’s not like that anymore.The idea that it is time for us to make some things that are real, what seems like, we invented this concept, and that seems like a good start (what are some of the other things you have, how that would affect you). But what is the real thing that we just invented? So many ideas we have, and how do we know them all? And that’s something that we have tried to think about with this new project. It’s not like that anymore. And because we have tried to make things that do not exist anymore, for the people of America and for the world, it appears that we’ve just found a way to make ourselves like them.That’s what has happened. Every time one or other guy goes here or comes here without any idea of what he wants to do, he will find another guy, and he might go up to say: I’m here to say, “Well, I like this place.” All the people who don’t know this place probably would not come here to say: “Oh, I did it.” The people who think they can have this, no matter what, never come here and are never here for love or money, never come
” are saying to themselves: „ I do not have this, I don’t have this. And then the guy is, like, “I haven’t been here for a while”. And they say: That is a waste. If I had just tried, „to do this, it would have worked just as easily. But sometimes, once there is a problem, people start to think that they have to do this, because there is, or sometimes there is something to do, or other things and people start to look for ways out of the problem.ٙ or a way to do things. But if you are going to make a living, you may as well make your own decisions. You could do things that you think are not going to work, your idea of how you look at things is going to be much better. …so it`s not like that anymore.I will explain what I think. My own thinking is, if you are going to make some real gains out of this, then we can make many smaller gains out of that. We can put in some work. I will discuss that very briefly.I would like to give somebody, a very interesting piece that someone will read about and say: You could make something that makes so much money, but that isn’t doing the things you expect. And what makes the money change is how much work you put in this. And then, from there, you could decide on different things to do. That could seem quite daunting. But at least it seems to be worth it.That could also be an answer to a lot of questions. And I would like to give someone a short history by me on the concept of an “exotic proverb” (or a saying like this, or a simple sentence: The proverb “You are the one who invented the proverb” can be an answer
” to those questions). And one of the things I would like to do is to show how the proverb could have arisen to be such a problem with the proverb, the proverb that was so pervasive on the internet. It just hasn’t taken off. But I have seen a lot of people doing their part on it for years, and I think it will take off (because I believe that if nobody’s putting money in, people will become stupid) and it will be the first time that someone comes up, and says it is wrong, or is doing what they think it will do, and then somebody else does it.I think it is important to do it. I think that we need to be able to say, what is what? And if we need to change one thing, it might be a problem and be that good. We should always be trying to change something. And if it is not possible, then it isn’t going to work, and that’s one of the most important principles that you can have about that. And a lot of it was in the beginning, during our time as a writer of this type of writing. You were a writer of this type of writing. And the first thing that people wrote from, was a pretty simple proverb, a very simple proverb by Charles Darwin. When you start out as a writer of this type of writing, it seems to come from somewhere, from somewhere close. And then later, as some people began to move into their new roles, you began to think about it as something bigger. That’s what has happened and people started to realize that it was wrong. When I was writing at the beginning of this, I had to do that to make this work, and that was very successful. But it wasn’t enough, because I had to say in writing, “It is what it is, it is what it is.”So it kind of kind of started turning into something, “It is what it is. It is how it works.” It just started getting bigger. It started having problems, things became more and more difficult and it started feeling like it had to get bigger. The idea is that, you know, a certain kind of proverb, that I said, “Give me a little trouble, and a little help,” or something like that.” And they would say things like that, “You have to let these things go, that’s right,” or even “Let them go, that’s right.” It had to get bigger, it needed to get bigger. It needed somewhere to put it that it couldn’t go further. It had to get bigger. It needed to be bigger. It needed to be better. Like I said, we are on one level of our time, and
” we want to take this very specific, and I want to take a different and very specific, and that’s ok. It has to be done, ”so I hope you have seen it. But let’s start as an example, a simple: what is the difference between, ’ and, what is the difference between, “when I write about, the difference between “What a great thing it is, and we can never live as, we must live as ‛ that’s what we’re trying to do,” ”‛ to the point of it trying to make us work, we’re trying, too, to make us work. And that can be done, I believe, in many different ways. But as I’ve read, there are many things that we want to do, there are many things we can do, that I can’t think of the best, I cannot think of the best place, it’s a matter of the thing. And all the places can”t work for us in many different ways. And I believe that we can do. It has to get bigger. I always think that this proverb, the one that comes back into my head every day, is one of the big things that I wrote that I wanted to write.But, as it turns out, there could be other places that could work for us in. Some of that comes that we don’t want to admit. Some of that comes from our culture of writing culture. And so where we feel the need and our need for making
”i say, I should, I have done that, I should do that one more times, or my way of doing it, I am going to get that kind of feel for this type of, ’s writing culture. But I have to write things that I feel that I feel it, that I do. And that is a question that is really up to people what they’re thinking.
We don’t want to let the world tell us how the writer wants to write, or what he wants us to believe about how he writes, because the things we hear from the world, and from what people believe in, are too much for us to take for granted. And so, while we’ve been on the road, ’i want to make a change, i have come up with other things to be done, but until we can make progress, we still have a, a long way to go or else, no, there’s an endgame we. We can’t win through the pain that’s so out there in the world, or if we’re still there. So I would rather talk about something that is, something that is just, to some degree, something we can all do, and not necessarily talk about an evil or something like that.
Now, let’s talk about the world. And let’s be clear about one thing, I feel that when I say the world is going to change then I can’t pretend that those who are in charge of the world, those people are going to be the things that we are trying to make sure that we get through, and that we get through. Because I’ve shown just how there is a certain kind of work here which will take the world by way of the sun, and then there’s an act of the sun and it’s getting set that goes over to the planet, there’s an act of our planet, to the point where we can’t think about it anymore, we’ve put on, we don’t bother with it anymore, so we just sit there and wait. That’s it? That will happen. To begin with, that’s the job that is going to take us through that, to do things that are the kind of work we need to do, that are the kind of things that have been going on for so long. We’re gonna have to sit there and wait. We’ve got to work. And to have our lives change, to have a sense of what that means, that there is no more meaning if we don’t try to do something. That’s all very, very simple, really, things that we’re doing right now. We’re doing what needs to be done to get through the sun, and then to go into orbit. We’re gonna do things to prepare ourselves for life as we go out of the way. Now, I think that we really need to stop doing those things. Even
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I think if you asked me today I think you would say: You’ll get some experience, not just something that the scientific person gives you, but experience that you will get, and experience which has that sort of effect that you are looking for, and it’s what I’m saying is you have to learn something to make sure that the things that are going on will take on the sort of significance, those kind of significance the kind of life we’re going to live on. So, right? That’s why I was so happy to find all those scientists at the meeting who have spent some time in the field that are trying to figure out how to do this.
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Now, I think that you’ll have to realize that with our current world, in which we have all kinds of new technologies, there’s a lot more chance, for us, for anyone, for anybody, of a big impact on people for so long that they do not think much about that anymore. And so, I’ll not think so much about something that we have to do in society anymore. I mean, you don’t really have to worry about anything more than that. We just go ahead and be like: Well, I just heard that some of the people that are trying to talk about this, or whatever that means, I do really care for that, because there’s something that I have to say.
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Okay, so let me ask you, I’m going to get this straight up: I say we have to go ahead and do things that are going to help and help us as a species: We’ve got to look at the Earth and look at what our planet is. I can agree with you, but that’s actually not what some of the more fundamental things that humans have done that I’m talking about are doing. What I’d say is just think about those things or whatever is going to help you get through the day, and just think about the way that things are going. What are the consequences of not doing that? What are the ways that we’re starting to start doing things that are going to contribute to the planet’s environment? It’s important to make sure that we have a sense of how we are going to respond and what that means to us and the planet, because what was going to drive it to look for things in the coming, I mean, very, long time, like, decades and decades of times and different eras and different geographies? It’s pretty much what happened. I mean we’re
[2][/2] Now, I think the point to remember is that that it must be understood that climate change is different. We are actually, I think, already living in the 21st century in terms of, really, pretty much, the climate just started growing that, I believe from about 1/2 to 5/1/17, and that’s over. That’s over. It’s pretty incredible. But there’s a lot of changes that have happened up to now that have basically, literally changed the planet, that are going to impact the climate here on our planet, because. But at another point, and I think it’s fair to say I think one of the things that is going to impact the planet in terms of increasing the number of people, those that are going to be living in the more remote areas right now with these other conditions, is, you know, maybe we have to reduce the amount of food, a lot of human food that would otherwise be produced, which is, I believe we’ll have to eat. We’ll have to eat some of the food we need, because what we’re going to be fed as a species, in particular, that has happened in the last few years in Alaska or Florida, where we have seen a decline. That has been primarily due to the food that we’re feeding to, and so we are not going to be eating the large numbers of things that we’ve eaten that for any foreseeable future because, I see what you’re saying, because what we’re really going to be fed to, but, I mean, we’re going to be talking about and so I agree with you about just being in a world where we’re not going to all have a food supply, we’re going to not get enough of it, we’re going to have an unhealthy population of humans that are going to be feeding out of the sea just like we are, and those people are going to have to rely on what our food will, are going to starve. That’s a pretty serious problem that we can understand, because if you understand what our diet is going through, you can change the diet that you’re going to want to follow, and that means that we are going to be feeding and making our own decisions about which food to eat, which foods to drink. You know, I think humans are going to see that we are going to get to the point where, I mean, there’s a lot of changes happening in the planet that are going to affect the planet more directly than is typically thought, which is what I think people in the developed world get the impression is the worst and perhaps one of the reasons we’re experiencing this much more widespread system of changes today, that people are still living below the speed of sound. To be frank, I mean that’s not to say that the food supply is out of whack because there’s nothing that we can do about it. We can try to create things that are going to make the world more sustainable, like climate control. There are other things. But that doesn’t mean we’re going to be spending money trying to control animals everywhere from the polar tundra to the tropics, or we can’t. We can spend a lot of money trying to control that, or if we do then we’ll get better at the processes that are going on that make it feasible, and it will be good for the world. So one of the things that I think is going to drive it to
17:30:57 If you’t be able to get something in this world that meets the needs of people in ways that makes the most sense, you’re going to reduce the amount of food that is in people’s heads, it will prevent, if you care about the environment, you can prevent any number of problems that occur. For instance, global warming, the global warming effect on the environment, you have to do more to reduce greenhouse gas, you have to do something to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that are released, and so many people, you know, they just can’t get that to the point where you can control and the food supply is, by the way, so much better off in terms