Management
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MANAGEMENTManagers is very important in the organizations.  Managers’ managerial skills and abilities can be used in uncertain, complex and chaotic times. As today that organization face different changes and challenges such as changing technology and globalization, managers need to identify and solve the problems faced. Managers play an important role in the organization to ensure organization’s goals well accomplished. There are some aspects that the managers should have. Firstly, management is one of the aspects that the managers should have. Management involves coordinates and supervise the operations of the organizations so that each of the process was done effectively and efficiently to achieve organizational goals. Efficiency is another aspects that the mangers should have. Efficiency is referred as doing the things right as not wasting resources. Then, effectiveness is another aspects that the managers should  have. Effectiveness always referred as doing the right things to achieve organizational goals. Management has been exercised a  long times ago.In 1776, Adam Smith published The Wealth Of Nations that he mentioned that division of labor that can also known as job specialization is the fundamental cause of the economic growth. He mentioned that every workman has a great quantity of his own work to dispose of beyond what he himself has occasion for and every other workman being exactly in the same situation, he is enabled to exchange a great quantity of his own goods or what comes to the same thing for the price of great quantity of theirs(Necmettin & Toseff,2017). In this case, he concludes that division of labor can increase productivity of the organization.
In the early twentieth century, Henri Fayol firstly identified five functions of managers that is planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling.  While today working place, it has condensed into main four functions that is planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Later, he discovered that management was a common activity that lead him to develop 14 principles of management that was the general administrative theory. There are some principles in the theory is useful and important. Firstly, division of work  that indicates that specialization that make the organization more productive. Then, unity of command that indicates every action must be ordered by one person only(Authur, Daniel & John,2002).  Every employee takes orders only from one superior. It is impossible that 2 superiors have the same feeling and the same point of view. There is one maxim that indicate that “no one can serve two masters at the same time”( Authur, Daniel & John,2002). Next, centralization indicates that every subordinates involved in the decision  making of the organization. Giving employees largest amount of freedom in the decision making.Next, quantitative approach that also can be known as management science. It seeks to improve the effectiveness of an organization primarily by persuading managers to use the conclusions of rigorous quantitative analysis to allocate resources, design information systems and make policy decisions(Dale, Richard,1975). A quick revolution from management science to total quality management(TQM) that is a critical factors to success. It is a management philosophy that seeks continual improvement and respond to customer needs and expectations. There are some aspects that are important in this theory. Intense focus, concern for continuous improvement, process focused, improvement in the quality, accurate measurement and empowerment of employees are the important aspects that need to be concern on this theory. Contribution towards working place by quantitative approach such as budgeting, quality control and many others.