Essay About Anxiety Disorders    Application And Abnormal Behavior

Psychology Study Guide
Assessment instruments-Biomedical assessment: Techniques that assess physiological functioninge.g. computerized tomography      CT     magnetic resonance imaging   MRI     Positron-emission tomography PET     electroencephalogram         EEGEtiological Theories & treatment What causes psychopathology & what are different treatment?Biopsychosocial Model: Psychopathology develops from an interaction of biological, psychological and social factorsDiathesis-stress Model: Predisposition/vulnerability (Diathesis)+stress (e.g. stress alcohol, drugs, etc.)psychopathologyBiological ApproachesBrain dysfunction: Can result from: -injury, stroke or diseaseNeurotransmitters/Neurons: Psychopathology associated with:-Reuptake-Degradation-# & functioning of receptors on dendrites-Amt of particular neurotransmitter manufacturedGenetic Factors-alterations in # or structure of genes (alleles)-Polygenic/multi-gene process: alterations in a # of genes leads to disorder.Biological approaches to Tx:-Treatments:  -Psychotropic medication  -Brain stimulation Techniques    -electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)    -Deep brain Stimulation  -Psychosurgery  -Exercise  -Light Therapy    -Relaxation/ Meditation/YogaBehavioral approaches  -behavior is learned  – Therefore, abnormal behavior is also learned   -Three principles of learning:     -classical conditioning       -unconditioned associations       -Neutral stimulus + UCS➡ UCR       -Neutral stimulus becomes CS➡ CR       -Helps explain development of phobias and other anxiety disorders    Application to treatment:- systematic Desensitization (Class cond)    -Teach relaxation and/or imagery     -Create anxiety hierarchy    -Expose person to steps of anxiety hierarchy (least to most anxiety-provoking) while having him/her relax or use imagery     -operant conditioning        -Behaviors are controlled by their consequences     -behaviors that are reinforced tend to increase in frequency     -behaviors that are not reinforced will eventually decrease in frequency (extinction)     -behaviors that are punished tend to decrease in frequency –Reinforcement (to increase a behavior)    -positive reinforcement: reward or sth positive that follows a given behavior    -Negative reinforcement: removal of aversive stimulus that follows a given behavior            －escape conditioning: person in an aversive situation and is rewarded for leaving (escaping) by experiencing relief.            – avoidance conditioning: person is rewarded for avoiding an aversive situation by experiencing relief.  – punishment (to decrease behavior)      -application of an aversive stimulus or removal of a pleasurable stimulus that follows a given behavior      -problematic if used without positive reinforcement.            -can lead to suppression           -physical punishment associated with increased aggression           -Doesn’t tell people what to do.Application to treatment -behavior modification (Operant conditioning)        Measure frequency of undesired and desired behaviors        Identify effective reinforcers & consequences        Positively reinforce positive behaviors (or opp of negative behaviors)!         Ignore annoying /minor undesired behaviors               Beware of extinction burst         Use natural consequences for negative bahaviors        Firm. Fair, consistent!  -Token Economy: Clearly identify desired & undesired behaviors       -Give tokens (chips, stars, points) for engaging in positive behaviors       -Tokens can be traded in for tangible rewards at end of week       -Highly…-Observational Learning  -people learn vicariously by watching other people (Models) engage in behaviors and experience reinforcement or punishment – The more similar the model, the more powerful the learning experience Application to treatment-Observational learning -Use of model can be very effective -used in group therapy -Role playing in group or individual therapy －Encourage clients to observe successful people in theirs lives and use them as role models.Mood disorders-Includes major depression, persistent depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymia. – Involve several types of symptoms; affective, cognitive, physical/vegetative, and motivational. Major depressive episode -Five or more of the following during a 2-week period:         -Depressed mood most of the day, every day  -or-           -Anhedonia: diminished interest or pleasure in all activities.快感缺乏，对什么东西都不感兴趣         -Significant change in appetite and/ or weight          -Sleep disturbance (hypersomnia or insomnia)         -Psychomotor agitation or retardation 精神运动性激动和迟延         -Fatigue/loss of energy   疲劳         -Feeling of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt         -Decreased concentration or increased indecisiveness 犹豫不决的         -Recurrent thought of death   周期性的想死Major Depression  – Subtypes: melancholic features忧郁的, psychotic features, catatonic features 紧张性精神病患者, atypical features 表现非典型的, postpartum onset 产后抑郁症, seasonal pattern.  -Lifetime prevalence : 16% (varies internationally); Women > Men; Prevalence decreases from 30-85 yrs.  -Course: Episodic; likely recurrent  伴随疾病-Comorbidity: >70%; most frequent: substance abuse , anxiety disorder. Eating disorder.Etiological病原学的 theories of Depression (BIO)-Hypothalanmic- Pituitary- Adrenal (HPA) Axis （下丘脑; 肾上腺轴; 肾上腺轴系统） : Fight or flight response －Depression: Hi cortisol & CRH – Early or chronic stress impacts HPA Axis, which may impact monoamine systems.Etiological Theories (psych):- Bahavioral: Decreased positive reinforcers from stress or withdrawal creates self-perpetuating cycle- Cognitive: Negative views of self, world & future (AKA : negative triad), Perpetuated by distorted thinkingPersistent Depressive Disorder-Depressed mood most of the day, every day, for at least 2 years-While depressed, at least 2 of the following:   -Appetite disturbance  食欲不好   -Sleep disturbance   -Low energy/ Fatigue   -Low self-esteem   -Poor concentration/indecisiveness   -Feelings of hopelessnessPersistent Depressive D/O-Lifetime prevalence: 6%; Women> Men-Course: Chronic, fluctuating-Comorbidity: >70%; most frequent: substance abuse, anxiety disorder, eating disorder.Etiological Theories (Bio)-Genetic factors:  -Multiple genetic abnormalities strongly implicated  -Serotonin transporter gene abnormalities-Neurotransmitter Theories:  -Monoamines: norepinephrine, serotonin & dopamine