Essay About Contentsideology Of Pakistan-Definition And Beginning Of Muslim Nationalism

Pakistan Affairs
OUTLINESPakistan AffairsRevised SyllabusAyesha Younas8/31/2015This document is compiled from numerous articles and research papers. Some of the references are mentioned. I hope you make the best use of this hard work. Wish you all Best of Luck! Kindly pray for this soul. ContentsIdeology of Pakistan-Definition and ElucidationMuslim Rule in Subcontinent-Downfall and Efforts for RenaissanceMovements for Reforms-Sheikh Ahmed SirhindiMovement of Reforms: Shah Walli UllahMovement of Reforms-Syed Ahmed Shaheed BarelviEducational Institutions-Aligarh MovementEducational Institutions-DEOBANDEducational Institutions-NADWAIdeology of Pakistan in the Light of Statements of ALLAMA IQBALIdeology of Pakistan in the Light of Statements of QUAID E AZAMLand and People of Pakistan-GeographyLand and People of Pakistan-AgricultureLand and People of Pakistan-Natural ResourcesLand and People of Pakistan-EducationLand and People of Pakistan-IndustryLand and People of Pakistan-SocietyNuclear Program of Pakistan, Its Safety and Security; International ConcernsCivil Military Relations in PakistanPolitical Evolution Since 1971Pakistan and US War on TerrorForeign Policy of Pakistan post 9/11Evolution of democratic system in PakistanEthnic Issues and National IntegrationHydro-politics; Water Issues in domestic and regional contextPakistan’s National InterestCritical Analysis of Economic Survey        Critical Analysis of Previous and Current BudgetsCritical Analysis on problems and performance of major sectorsPakistan and changing regional ApparatusThe Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional Amendments and Important Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher CourtsTopic 31: Non-Traditional Security Threats In Pakistan: Role Of Non-State ActorsCurrent Scenario Of Pakistan-RatingsTopic 1: Ideology of Pakistan-Definition and ElucidationWhat is Ideology?A form of social or political philosophy in which practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones.  Evolution of “Ideology’ It was first used in French as ‘idéologie’ at the time of the French Revolution, introduced by a philosopher, A.-L.-C. Destutt de Tracy, as a short name for “science of ideas” as the study of the origin, evolution and nature of ideas.Ideology of Pakistan and different ScholarsDr. Aslam Syed:  “Ideology of Pakistan is the name of molding of individual and collective lives according to Islam and also of saving from conflicting ideologies.”Historical aspects of The Ideology of PakistanIntroductionHistorical experience provided the base; Subcontinent not only faced a struggle of political supremacy but was a clash of two social ordersAllama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation,Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political realitythe Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanctionEvolution of ‘Two Nation Theory’; Beginning of Muslim Nationalism; first hindu accepted islamMuhammad bin Qasim, the first Muslim invader, invadedand captured parts of India in 712 AD.Mahmud of Ghazna launched 17 attacksThe Muslim sufi (saints) like Ali Hejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani etc. entered Sub-Continent.Qutub-ud-Din Aibuk permanently established Muslim dynasty in India that followed Sultanate and Mughal dynastiesThe War of Independence (1857) was a shattering setback to the Indian Muslims, who were put in the dark.Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) awakened and guided his community through his educational drive, the Ali-Garh movement.In 1885 the Indian National Congress was founded to indicate the beginning of the Indian nationalist movement under the British.”Two Nations Theory” espoused by the All-India Muslim League, founded in 1906 and led to its demand for a separate state for the Muslims of India.Initially, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a federal system of government with powers to the provinces. Later, they demanded a separate state.Hindi-Urdu ControversyHindu revivalist movements turned more against the Muslims especially after 1857There were demonstrations against Urdu by the Hindus in Banaras in 1867Characteristics of The Muslim nationalismRule of Law, socio-economic justice, equity and fair play.Equality of opportunity to all citizens irrespective of caste, sect, religion or region.Religious and Cultural tolerance.Respect for human dignity and rights.Protection of the rights and interests of non-Muslims and freedom to practice their beliefs and religions.ConclusionTopic 2: Muslim Rule in Subcontinent-Downfall and Efforts for RenaissanceMuslim Rule in SubcontinentArab Conquest: The Arab conquest of Sindh is the landmark event in the history of subcontinent. It gave Muslims a firm foothold in the region. (M Bin Qasim’s attack in 711 AD). Arab rule lasted for 3 centuries. Rule of various Caliphs in BaghdadCaliph Hashim (724-743 A.D.)Caliph Mansoor (754-775 A.D.)Caliph Mehdi (775-785 A.D.)Caliph Haroon (786-809 A.D.)Turkish Period: Arabs were succeeded by Turks from 10th Century. It properly rose in Afghanistan under the leadership of Sultan Mahmud, Mahmud Ghauri in 1196 A.D.Ghaznavids (976-1148 A.D.) Ghauris (1148-1206 A.D.) (17 expeditions)Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526 A.D.)Slaves of Mumluks (1206-1290)Khiljis (1290-1320)Tughluq (1320-1413)Sayyids (1414-1451)Lodhis (1451-1526)Mughal Period: The Mughal Rule formally began in 1526 with the invasion of BaburBabur (1526-1530)Humayun (1530-1539)Sher Shah (1539-1545)Islam Shah (1545-1556)Akbar (1556-1605)Jehangir (1605-1628)Shah Jehan (1628-1658)Aurangzeb (1658-1707)Bahadur Shah Zafar (1707-1857) Bahadur was banished to Rangoon, where he died in 1862. His two sons and grandsons were shot by British. The Mughal Period was a brilliant chapter of History which ends with the success of British.Causes of Decline of MughalsMajority of Non-Muslim PopulationAkbar’s religious policy of Tolerance ‘Din-e-ilahi’Untrustworthy AdministrationLuxurious Living Standards of Mughal Rulers-Lavish spendingLack of military disciplineHuge size of the EmpireLack of timely CommunicationFinancial MismanagementSectarian jealousy and violenceWars of successionLocal InsurectionsMarathas in DeccanRajpoots and movements of BanarasSikhs in PunjabForeign attacks and Colonization1739-Nadir Shah of Iran attacked and destroyed delhiAhmed Shah Abdali attacked IndiaThird Battle of Panipat defeated Marathas1740-1763 colonization under Robert Clive by British, Battle of Buxar (Bengal and Bihar)1857, exile of Bahadur Shah ZafarEfforts For Renaissance Role of SufisRole of Reformists; Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi, ShaH Wali Ullah, and Syed Ahmed Shaheed BarelviRole of Educationists: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Allama Muhammad IqbalConclusionTopic 3: Movements for Reforms-Sheikh Ahmed SirhindiIntroductionSheikh Ahmad Sirhindi ; Hazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani (June 1564 – Dec 1626)Descendant of second caliph Hazrat UmarFather name è Sheikh Abdul AhadWent to Delhi at age of 36Disciple of Khawaja Baqi BillahSocial Conditions during his time Populace belief in KaramatUlema refer to Jurisprudence rather than QuranAkbar’s anti Islamic look: Din-E-Elahi, Title Of Mujahhid-I-Azam And Imam-I-Adil.Hindu cultural dominationBakhti MovementWahdat al Wajood theoryMujadid’s efforts Jehad against Din-i-Ilahi (Exposed its fallacy)Theory of Wahdat-ul-ShahoodEmphasis on Ittibat-I-Sunnah and the Commandments of Sharia. Countering Wahdat-ul-Wajood: sufis of Akbar’s time presented the wrong concept that there is no difference between God and creations. He negated that and presented wahdat-ul-shahud that creator and creations are two separate entities.Refusal to prostate – society purificationJehangir imprisoned him in Gawaliar for three yearsPreaching in fort of GawaliarPreparation of DisciplesMaktaba-e-Imam-e-RabbaniLetters to important nobles and leadersAbdur Rahim, Khan e Azam Mirza Aziz, Mufti Sardar JehanBooksIsbat ul NabuwwatRisla e NabuwwatNeed & importance of ProphethoodMaktubat e Imam e RabbaiToheed e ShaheediIslamic philosophyTwo nation theoryFirst stone of two nation theory – first founder of PakistanInfluence over Jehangir – Khutba; Cow SlaughterShaikh imprisonedAsaf Jah, Jehangeer’s PM Shaikh summoned, No prostration, jailedAfter 3 years of imprisonment, Jehangeer released him giving him 10000 rupeesHe stayed 3 years in Jehangeer courts. Died on Dec 10,1024 A.D, buried in Sirhind,“When seen in the perspective of history, whether accepted by Sufis or not, it is in the rejection of monism that Sheikh’s claim for being the Mujadad of his age.” IH Qureshi