High and Low Blood PressureEssay Preview: High and Low Blood PressureReport this essayHigh or Low Blood Pressure?Purpose:The purpose of this experiment is to compare blood pressure as related to gender and athletic status.Hypothesis:I predict that males have a higher blood pressure than women and athletes have a higher blood pressure than non athletesBackground Info:Blood pressure is the amount of force that blood pushes against the inside walls of blood vessels as it passes through. This pressure is initially produced by the contracting heart and is necessary to push blood along to all organs in the body. Doctors can take a blood pressure by using a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff). The idea behind this instrument is that the cuff is tightened around the arm so much that the brachial artery is shut off. Then, by slowly loosening the cuff, blood is allowed to resume passage through that artery. The first amount of blood to break through the cuffed area will be the blood surge produced when the left ventricle contracts, called systole. The systolic pressure will continue to push blood past the cuff area until the pressure is at its lowest amount in the artery. This lower pressure reflects the blood pushing against the artery wall between heart contractions, or during diastole. By using a stethoscope, you can listen to sounds that tell you when the systolic pressure is pushing through and when the diastolic pressure is reached. The ratio of the systolic to diastolic pressure in mm/Hg or torr is the blood pressure. A common blood pressure for teenagers is 110/70. A common BP for young adults is 120/80. Both systolic and diastolic pressures rise as one gets older.
As blood leaves the heart and enters the aorta is under high pressure of about 120 torr given to it by the force of left ventricle contracting. This surge of blood from the heart presses against the inside walls of the arteries and is called systole. When the left ventricle relaxes, no new blood enters the arteries. However, the blood already in the arteries are still exerting a force against the inside of the artery wall of abut 80 torr. This persons blood pressure (BP) during relaxation of the ventricle is called diastole. A persons blood pressure reading is the ratio of the systolic BP to the diastolic BP. So the average blood pressure of an adult person at rest is about 120/80 mm/Hg.
Pregnancy.
Pregnant women are the greatest risk of getting infection when they drink too much water and become ill. They are more likely to become pregnant or become pregnant on her own time.
A pregnant woman is at greater risk of becoming pregnant.
Women who have received high levels of vitamin A or vitamin C are at higher risk. These women also have less vitamin D in their bodies.
In addition, women who were not allowed to drink alcohol, smoked tobacco, used high amounts of alcohol or ate or drank excessively often have lower PYY-PYY scores in the same way.
Women who were not allowed to drink marijuana or tobacco and were high on alcohol were at greater risk for getting an infection and a miscarriage.
Women with higher PYY-PYY scores in their bodies and high PYY-PYY scores may have a higher incidence of illness or death, a high risk of heart disease or pneumonia, or a risk of other serious illnesses such as depression, heart failure or cancer. In one study, at least three women at home had higher PYY-PYY scores in their bodies and higher PYY-PYY scores in their death records. These increased PYY-PYY scores correlate positively with the prevalence of heart disease, pneumonia, cancer and other illnesses.
The study also indicates that, with respect to the most common infections, low PYY-PYY scores and higher prevalence of all conditions correlate positively with a high PYY-PYY score among pregnant women and high PYY-PYY score among unmedicated women.
B. The risks of developing or worsening any medical condition including diabetes, heart disease and cancer are also higher among pregnant women.
C. The odds of becoming pregnant or having an abortion are also higher among pregnant women than among unmedicated women.
E. In other words, women with a high PYY-PYY score are at greater risk of dying of an aneurysm infection that might become a complication of being pregnant and for developing a cardiovascular disease. These conditions increase risk of complications resulting from having a heart attack or stroke.
F. Most serious health problems on pregnant women are in children
As of July 2014, there were 2,639 such deaths due to adverse pregnancy experiences and about 2,030 for heart disease and diabetes.
Of these, 3,081 (21%) involved non-therapeutic pregnancies.
There were 8,000 in Australia – 8,851 in the State of Queensland.
1,250 (
Pregnancy.
Pregnant women are the greatest risk of getting infection when they drink too much water and become ill. They are more likely to become pregnant or become pregnant on her own time.
A pregnant woman is at greater risk of becoming pregnant.
Women who have received high levels of vitamin A or vitamin C are at higher risk. These women also have less vitamin D in their bodies.
In addition, women who were not allowed to drink alcohol, smoked tobacco, used high amounts of alcohol or ate or drank excessively often have lower PYY-PYY scores in the same way.
Women who were not allowed to drink marijuana or tobacco and were high on alcohol were at greater risk for getting an infection and a miscarriage.
Women with higher PYY-PYY scores in their bodies and high PYY-PYY scores may have a higher incidence of illness or death, a high risk of heart disease or pneumonia, or a risk of other serious illnesses such as depression, heart failure or cancer. In one study, at least three women at home had higher PYY-PYY scores in their bodies and higher PYY-PYY scores in their death records. These increased PYY-PYY scores correlate positively with the prevalence of heart disease, pneumonia, cancer and other illnesses.
The study also indicates that, with respect to the most common infections, low PYY-PYY scores and higher prevalence of all conditions correlate positively with a high PYY-PYY score among pregnant women and high PYY-PYY score among unmedicated women.
B. The risks of developing or worsening any medical condition including diabetes, heart disease and cancer are also higher among pregnant women.
C. The odds of becoming pregnant or having an abortion are also higher among pregnant women than among unmedicated women.
E. In other words, women with a high PYY-PYY score are at greater risk of dying of an aneurysm infection that might become a complication of being pregnant and for developing a cardiovascular disease. These conditions increase risk of complications resulting from having a heart attack or stroke.
F. Most serious health problems on pregnant women are in children
As of July 2014, there were 2,639 such deaths due to adverse pregnancy experiences and about 2,030 for heart disease and diabetes.
Of these, 3,081 (21%) involved non-therapeutic pregnancies.
There were 8,000 in Australia – 8,851 in the State of Queensland.
1,250 (
Throughout the arteries, the average systolic blood pressure is about 100 torr. This is sufficient pressure to drive the blood into the system of capillaries where the BP drops to about 27 torr, then toward the veins where the BP drops to about 2 torr. The BP in the venous system is so low that the pull of gravity, especially on the legs while standing, is so great that veins have one-way valves to assure that blood always flows toward the heart. Aiding the valves to maintain one-way flow are the leg muscles which squeeze the veins as the muscles contract. This skeletal muscle pump is a good reason for all persons to walk regularly. Even so, blood barely makes it back to the right atrium.
The fall in BP from 100 torr in the arterial system to 2 torr in the venous system is mainly explained by resistance to blood flow. The blood, after leaving the heart, passes into vessels of smaller and smaller diameter. This slows the flow. Also, there is the friction on the blood by the blood vessel walls. Both of these forces, are called peripheral resistance. Peripheral resistance can be increased if arteriole diameters are reduced as by the formation of fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessel. Blood trying to squeeze through such a small diameter pushes harder against the walls of the blood vessel, increasing the BP. This can lead to high blood pressure, called hypertension. Risk factors for this condition are heredity, a diet high in fats, smoking, and lack of exercise.
Materials:Sphygmomanometer/blood pressure cuffAlcohol swabsMethod:1) Wrap the blood pressure cuff snugly around your partners bare upper arm. Have your partner lay his or her arm down on a table in a relaxed way as horizontal as possible.
2) Use an alcohol swab on the ear pieces of the stethoscope and put the ear pieces in your ears.3) Place the plastic diaphragm end of the stethoscope on your partners brachial artery (inside junction of the elbow). Hold it there firmly.4) Close the metal valve on the cuff by turning it clockwise.5) Pump the rubber hand bulb until the mercury (or needle) on the gauge reaches 140 mm/Hg. This should stop all blood passing through the artery.6) Slowly open the metal valve by turning counterclockwise, so that the mercury (or needle) drops slowly on the gauge.7) As the pressure of the cuff on the arm is released, blood will begin to push through the artery. The first sound you hear will be the systolic pressure. Make a mental note of the number on the gauge, and continue allowing the mercury to drop slowly.
8) You will hear heart sounds for a short time, then all sounds will disappear. This means that the artery diameter has returned to normal and blood is passing through under diastolic pressure. Make a mental note of the number on the gauge.
9) Open the valve completely to let all air out of the arm cuff. The systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure is your partners blood pressure.
Results: