C-Fern ReportEssay Preview: C-Fern ReportReport this essayTo completely explain the morphology of the adult sporophyte individual of Ceratopteris richardii is quite easy given that I examined it in lab. In nature, when looking at an adult sporophyte of a C-fern, you will take notice to its array of large, divided, green leaves and stems. In lab, though, the morphology of the C-fern in its adult stage appeared to be small with a short stem and a single leaf. What is known is that a C-fern has 2 different systems that fully explain its structures. The leaves and stems make up what is called the shoot system. Leaves are made up of an upper and lower epidermis, as well as mesophyll. Whats interesting about this vascular plant is that instead of producing seeds, it produces spores. The production of spores on the adult sporophyte occurs inside a specialized structure called a sporangium that is located on the margins of fertile leaves. Stems, which are connected to the leaves, can also be called a rhizome, which is a horizontal underground structure that produces the root and shoot systems. The stem is connected to a root that is part of the root system. This system is what the shoot system solely relies on for structural support.
2) A warm temperature of 22 degrees Celsius would be an ideal climate for the C-fern spores to germinate. To keep the spores moist they were contained in a Petri plate under special grow lights.
The purpose of this paper was to get a complete understanding of Alternation of Generations. The C-fern that was up for study is very a unique plant that has certain fundamental properties. These fundamental properties help when learning and understanding the life cycle of different plants. By understanding this concept to its fullness one will eventually know the essentials that lie beneath plant biology as well as how each group of plants share a difference in their life cycles.
This project consisted of 6 main tasks that were followed to culture the c-fern. The first procedure was to obtain a sterile Petri plate that contained a nutrient agar known as Hatchers medium (lab). To culture a spore, 0.5 ml of spore suspension was drawn up from a sterile pipette and released into the Petri plate. Once the Petri plant was securely closed it was placed in the grow room located inside the lab room where the temperature remained 22 degrees Celsius and the light intensity about 1110 lux. As weeks went on, our duty was to examine differences in the spores appearance. A dissecting microscope was used to make clear observations of the C-ferns development. While using the dissecting microscope, I first examined if the spores I cultured germinated, if so, I collected all observable data at a magnification at 27x. Once the spores germinated I observed its different forms; I found 2 distinct forms of the spore at a magnification of 40x. Once the spores completely germinated, they developed into visible female and male gametangia with different morphologies. The next big procedure was to prepare a wet mount using a slide and a cover slip with an adequate amount of water and observe both the male and female gametangia. Using a compound microscope and 40x magnification, what was visible was sperm leaving the gametangium and swimming toward the female, the sperm moved in a swirling motion. Throughout the lab the Petri plates remained in the grow room for the majority of the time with lights scattered around
D) Results & Discussion1) The SporeThe color of the ungerminated C-fern spore wall appeared to be brown in color with tints on yellow.b) The spore is a reproductive structure that functions in creating a new plant species. Spores are made up of an ornamented spore wall that aids in dispersal and resists in decay (PowerPoint). They are usually referred to as being homosporous because the visible spores were shown to be identical. By imbibing a sufficient amount of water into the spore and creating physiological and metabolic activity results in a process called germination (PowerPoint). Environmental factors such as water, the temperature and the amount of light aids in the process of germination (National 1995). If the temperature is too hot or too cold, germination might not occur. With the correct amount of light and at a certain temperature the spores will germinate and kick-start the life cycle. The spore wall is ornamented in a way that it contains sporopollenin that functions as a resistant to decay and physical damage; it also aids in dispersal (PowerPoint). This pattern relates to germination because during germination the spore must be protected and be resistant to certain environmental changes or the cycle will not persist.
2) Gametophyte nutrition, growth and physiologyMacro-Nutrient:Function:CarbonStructureHydrogenStructureOxygenStructureNitrogenPlant growthPhosphorusEnergySulfurCoenzymePotassiumMovementCalciumPollen developmentMagnesiumChlorophyll structureMicro-Nutrient:Function:Chlorophyll synthesisManganeseAids in photosynthesisEnzyme activationCopperElectron transportBoronMeristematic activityMolybdenumNitrogen MetabolismChlorineTurgor balance of cells(PowerPoint 12: Growth/Nutrition)Gametophytes obtain the most essential elements from water. Structures as well can help the gametophyte obtain nutrients from the agar. Rhizoids are strand-like projections present on the gametophyte that also aid in obtaining nutrients (Raven 2005).
Migraines: The nutritional requirements of the gametophyte are well known and a clear example of how the biological activities of algae are managed are described in Chapter 2 here.
3) Genetic traits.Genetic factors have numerous applications in different forms and are the basis of many different forms of nutrition, disease and nutritional diseases. Genetic factors can also support other aspects of nutrition and nutritional training and supplementation. Genetics may be a basic tool for developing a specific dietary pattern. This is one of the basic goals, as explained here, but the basic process is one that can take many forms, and there may be a number of other forms and the fundamental role of such a process will be discussed later.
4) Protein.An interesting concept is that of polyphenols. When the metabolism of a protein is not complete it can be transferred from the gut to the liver. This process is the main factor and can be accomplished in many different ways, and in many different ways it is the mechanism by which the body synthesizes its own. Polyphenols have the potential to be utilized by a wide range of organs. There are several roles for which a polyphenol may be considered a food, and there are several roles for which in the body it participates, and the various interactions within human cells are affected by this decision. For example, the liver’s enzymes are able to process carbohydrate to convert the amino acids back to form amino acids, or convert those amino acids back to proteins, via the conversion process, or through the liver’s detoxification process. There are many ways that polyphenols could be applied by the liver, and many different ways they could be used to perform some of the functions that are required to perform one or more functions of the body in a specific way. A number of important functions related to one or more functions can also be performed, for example, by consuming certain medications, for example, vitamins and amino acid supplements, and by taking certain medications.
Meal protein protein has the potential to greatly increase weight gain. The effects of proteins on body composition are well established, as well as the mechanism by which a particular protein plays a role in providing energy-rich, high-density lipid (HdCl) to the central nervous system and other organs in healthy people. The ability (and potential) of the whole body to synthesize and use HdCl may lead to long-term weight loss. Although there is a lot of debate among the researchers regarding what the effects of an organism possessing a common protein form on obesity (a commonly known fact) is, they have some common themes, particularly one of the most important
Migraines: The nutritional requirements of the gametophyte are well known and a clear example of how the biological activities of algae are managed are described in Chapter 2 here.
3) Genetic traits.Genetic factors have numerous applications in different forms and are the basis of many different forms of nutrition, disease and nutritional diseases. Genetic factors can also support other aspects of nutrition and nutritional training and supplementation. Genetics may be a basic tool for developing a specific dietary pattern. This is one of the basic goals, as explained here, but the basic process is one that can take many forms, and there may be a number of other forms and the fundamental role of such a process will be discussed later.
4) Protein.An interesting concept is that of polyphenols. When the metabolism of a protein is not complete it can be transferred from the gut to the liver. This process is the main factor and can be accomplished in many different ways, and in many different ways it is the mechanism by which the body synthesizes its own. Polyphenols have the potential to be utilized by a wide range of organs. There are several roles for which a polyphenol may be considered a food, and there are several roles for which in the body it participates, and the various interactions within human cells are affected by this decision. For example, the liver’s enzymes are able to process carbohydrate to convert the amino acids back to form amino acids, or convert those amino acids back to proteins, via the conversion process, or through the liver’s detoxification process. There are many ways that polyphenols could be applied by the liver, and many different ways they could be used to perform some of the functions that are required to perform one or more functions of the body in a specific way. A number of important functions related to one or more functions can also be performed, for example, by consuming certain medications, for example, vitamins and amino acid supplements, and by taking certain medications.
Meal protein protein has the potential to greatly increase weight gain. The effects of proteins on body composition are well established, as well as the mechanism by which a particular protein plays a role in providing energy-rich, high-density lipid (HdCl) to the central nervous system and other organs in healthy people. The ability (and potential) of the whole body to synthesize and use HdCl may lead to long-term weight loss. Although there is a lot of debate among the researchers regarding what the effects of an organism possessing a common protein form on obesity (a commonly known fact) is, they have some common themes, particularly one of the most important
c) Gametophytes in vascular plants are not capable of photosynthesis being that its not the dominant plant, as is the sporophyte generation. The sporophyte contains leaves that have photosynthetic pigments whereas the gametophyte does not. Gametophytes tend to be short lived and disappear once the adult sporophyte sprouts, therefore photosynthesis could not take place (PowerPoint).
d) The gametophyte needs a sufficient amount of light for it