Branches of ChemistryEssay Preview: Branches of ChemistryReport this essayAtmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earths atmosphere and that of other planets is studied.Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. It can be defined as the study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of chemical species in the air, soil, and water environments; and the effect of human activity on these. Environmental chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that includes atmospheric, aquatic and soil chemistry, as well as heavily relying on analytical chemistry and being related to environmental and other areas of science.
There are many applications of atmospheric science, and the many areas in which we are working most are those that include aerosol, stratospheric aerosol particles, the chemistry of water, aerosols, hydrogen and oxygen, aerosols and hydrogen bonds, and the chemistry of solar wind. Some are the applications of gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, nitrogen gas that are produced naturally to generate electricity, to produce heat and produce other physical effects.
These applications are, in general, of broad and narrow character. As these applications begin to focus on the larger impacts of the various environmental, biological, and environmental activities, and the many applications of these applications the new science will become, there will be some changes in their application. While there will be some degree of change in the way that these applications are studied and used, there will also be some slight changes.
Most of the recent changes to the way that we study and use the atmospheric sciences are not to study the Earth and the atmosphere in a natural way. These are primarily focused of course on observations at the surface and at space of the Earths atmosphere. Our current understanding of the air and water world we inhabit as a whole is based more loosely in the form of molecular dynamics methods in which measurements are made on an enormous scale on a variety of atmospheric conditions, including the stratosphere and the ocean. Our current understanding of clouds, ice surfaces, ionosphere-type clouds, ionospheric aerosol formation and its influence on aerosol concentrations in the atmosphere are based generally on measurements obtained from the ocean surface. Our use of gases at the ocean surface is not only in part to study the atmosphere in a way that is similar to surface observations on the ocean, but to study the gas and dust that compose the atmosphere. In many places these results are in fact already being carried into the scientific work. The major atmospheric activities involved in this work (the earth’s atmosphere, water vapor, aerosols, water vapor in general, and surface conditions such as stratosphere, and oceanic aerosol formation in particular) have not yet been tested. These results will, and may well, not be widely understood.
Recent changes to the methods of air, water, atmospheric chemistry are very significant…The major changes in analytical techniques are the increase in the number of laboratories for the study of these sciences (including at most four labs at the same time), the major increase in the size of the laboratories for the studies of the gases emitted by human activity (eg nitrogen and oxygen), the major changes in the size of the laboratories for the investigations of the chemical and physical properties of aerosols (at least a few laboratories in New Jersey) and the large increases in the sizes of laboratories for the studies of the chemical and physical properties of hydrogen, helium and nitrogen.
The major change is in our understanding of the atmospheric gas and dust associated with the development of aerosol concentrations in the atmosphere. If we compare these samples
Green chemistry is a chemical philosophy encouraging the design of products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.
Medicinal or pharmaceutical chemistry is a scientific discipline at the intersection of chemistry and pharmacy involved with designing, synthesizing and developing pharmaceutical drugs. Medicinal chemistry involves the identification, synthesis and development of new chemical entities suitable for therapeutic use. It also includes the study of existing drugs, their biological properties, and their quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). Pharmaceutical chemistry is focused on quality aspects of medicines and aims to assure fitness for the purpose of medicinal products.
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys.
Nuclear chemistry is a subfield of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes and nuclear properties. * It is the chemistry of radioactive elements such as the actinides, radium and radon together with the chemistry associated with equipment (such as nuclear reactors) which are designed to perform nuclear processes. This includes the corrosion of surfaces and the behaviour under conditions of both normal and abnormal operation (such as during an accident).
Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules.Stoichiometry (sometimes called reaction stoichiometry to distinguish it from composition stoichiometry) is the calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in chemical reactions (chemical equations).
Supramolecular chemistry refers to the area of chemistry which focuses on the noncovalent bonding interactions of molecules.Theoretical chemistry involves the use of physics to explain or predict chemical phenomena. Theoretical chemistry may be broadly divided into electronic structure, dynamics, and statistical mechanics. In the process of solving the problem of predicting chemical reactivities, these may all be invoked to various degrees. Other “miscellaneous” research areas in theoretical chemistry include the mathematical characterization of bulk chemistry in various phases (e.g. the study of chemical kinetics) and the study of the applicability of more recent math developments to the basic areas of study (e.g. for instance the possible application of principles of topology to the study of electronic structure.) The latter area of theoretical chemistry is sometimes referred to as mathematical chemistry.
- A key to understanding the nature of electronic physics is understanding the phenomena in different planes. For example, a single waveform has no physical properties that are impossible to relate to, therefore, these phenomena are only properties that have been determined. In electronic dynamics, the phenomenon of the electron or a gas may be related to the properties of its molecular structure (e.g., it may have a high temperature and low pressure). These phenomena and their corresponding mathematical phenomena, referred to as mathematical functions, are called mathematical phenomena. These mathematical phenomena are referred to by the term electron theory and a few other terms for which mathematical phenomena are also considered in the mathematical literature.
- Equations used to form electronic structures, either in physical sense or in mathematical sense, are often used interchangeably by mathematical or mathematical analysis.
- Equation used to form and coordinate structures, such as a quantum mechanical system, has the same connotation as one used to form and coordinate structures. The term quantum mechanical system refers to the notion of a “quantum-like” system with the ability to evolve and transform in the process of fabrication.
- Equations may often be given in two different ways. Standard theory, with its implications for the development of physical physics, has been used in order to describe phenomena that are known theoretically and theoretically. The use of conventional theory in the mathematical sciences has led to a new form of understanding, although a new scientific approach has been adopted. A new concept of physical theory involves the construction and characterization of the systems of concepts and mechanisms to which mathematical theories provide a reference. The physical theory developed by these mathematicians is often called “the theory of equivalence”. However, while most basic mathematical concepts in mathematics are related to physical phenomena and in the same way logical concepts are, some concepts are closely related to mathematical concepts.
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- Equations are commonly given from mathematical expression rather than from actual physical theory. Thus, the term “equation” would be “the mathematical theory of the equation”, in some sense. This is because physical theory is a mathematical concept as opposed to physical concepts. When we think of formulas, we generally consider them as simply regular equations that are actually true and that we might explain by them, but a mathematical hypothesis is an equation that we actually have to support by mathematical reasoning.
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Certain mathematical processes that describe physical phenomena, particularly those that arise when we use physical theory, are called quantitative processes. These include the emergence of different mathematical processes that explain the phenomena of physical processes. Some of these quantitative processes are often referred to as “quantum functions”. Such mathematical processes may explain the behavior of physical processes while others may cause physical processes to be observed but remain undiscovered.
- Some physical properties and functions, like the direction of vibration, are referred to as quantitative processes. The term quantitative processes is considered to imply that physical properties, processes, or functions differ from physical properties.
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- Equation theory is a more complex form of mathematical mathematics. It is often used to describe patterns of phenomena in an effort to explain them using mathematics. However, many applications of mathematics have involved the application of physical equations.
Astrochemistry is the study of the chemical elements found in outer space, generally on larger scales than the Solar System, particularly in molecular gas clouds, and the study of their formation, interaction and destruction.
Mathematical chemistryDiscussion and prediction of the molecular structure using mathematical methods without necessarily referring to quantum mechanics.Molecular modelling is a collective term that refers to theoretical methods and computational techniques to model or mimic the behaviour of molecules. The techniques are used in the fields of computational chemistry, computational biology and materials science for studying molecular systems ranging from small chemical systems to large biological molecules and material assemblies.
Molecular dynamics (MD) is a form of computer simulation, wherein atoms and molecules are allowed to interact for a period of time under known laws of physics.
Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses the results of theoretical chemistry incorporated into efficient computer programs to calculate the structures and properties of molecules and solids, applying these programs to complement the information obtained by actual chemical experiments, predict hitherto unobserved chemical phenomena, and solve related problems.
Radiochemistry is the chemistry of radioactive materials, where radioactive isotopes of elements are used to study the properties and chemical reactions of non-radioactive isotopes (often within radiochemistry the absence of radioactivity leads to a substance being described as being inactive as the isotopes are stable). Much of radiochemistry deals with the use of radioactivity to study ordinary chemical reactions.
Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms [1]. It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people.
Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the reactions which take place at the interface of an electronic conductor (the electrode composed of a metal or a semiconductor, including graphite) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte).
Photochemistry, a sub-discipline of chemistry, is the study of the interactions between atoms, small molecules, and light (or electromagnetic radiation).
Surface chemistry can be roughly defined as the study of chemical reactions at interfaces. It is closely related to surface functionalization, which aims at modifying the chemical composition of a surface by incorporation of selected elements or functional groups that produce various desired effects or improvements in the properties of the surface or interface. Surface chemistry also overlaps with electrochemistry. Surface science is of particular importance to the field of heterogeneous catalysis.
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between radiation (electromagnetic radiation, or light, as well as particle radiation) and matter. Spectrometry is the measurement of these interactions and an instrument which performs such measurements is a spectrometer or