GermanyEssay Preview: GermanyReport this essayIt is ironic that the most serious threats to the Roman Empire began not with the western Germanic tribes of the Roman frontier but the eastern Germanic tribes, particularly the Goths. The Roman Empire during the early third century had a series of weak emperors and a strong challenge from the Parthian Empire of Persia. The resources of the Empire were debilitated and the Goths challenged the Romans for control of the area at the mouth of the Danube River at the Black Sea. The Goths controlled the area north of the Black Sea and the Romans had conquered a territory north of the Danube, which they called Dacia. This is the region of present day Romania.
The Goths, who were on a rampage in the East and west of Rome, conquered the Empire as a whole. They have been known to harass and kill entire villages, often without provocation, to capture the treasury of a town or take over the entire state. Their barbarism is sometimes described as barbarism, but they are not in any way the savages of war. They often fought with iron swords. A large number of their slaves were captured, but only some survived, resulting in the formation of the Roman Empire.
A Roman court was formed here in the year 3200 in which several kings were held on charges of heresy and treason. The chief judges were named on behalf of their local people. They are represented in the court by a chief and the other principal members receive a salary for the court. The other judges are elected among the people and appointed as judges by the people, and are responsible for their subjects’. A Roman court was formed there in 3200, with more than 300 judges. They include: the first chief court of the Roman Empire; his successor, the fourth judge; the eighth judge; and the last, after 3200, the first judge. In early Rome, at the start of the tenth century, the Emperor Claudius held a council, which divided the provinces (though he had his own council during the year of Claudius) and used some of these to hold the whole region in the balance.
The most celebrated Roman court in the sixth century was called the “Bardum of the Romans” for its number of judges and the high quality of its justice. Roman society has evolved quite widely in the last century. From the fall of Rome to the beginning of the twenty-third century, society has changed significantly, from a civil society that was centered around government (which at one time was dominated by magistrates and nobility to a more open, egalitarian society that was dominated by an aristocracy of judges), to a “clerical community”—the church and the Roman Catholic Church—which was dominated by clergy and other clergymen instead of men.”.
The Germanic tribes are considered to be the most civilized of all aldermen, making up about three-quarters of the Germanic peoples. These tribes are nomadic and live in the woods west of the Danube and have not been incorporated into the Roman Empire or the Germanic tribes after the first century, due largely to the difficulty of establishing separate local communities. Many tribes live in the valleys and are nomadic with no military occupation, with little or no access from the outside world. Their traditional homes are not yet fully industrialized and they do not have the legal independence to establish
The attacks of the Goths began in 247 A.D. and in 251 A.D. they lured the Roman army under the command of the Emperor Decius into a swampy region and defeated it. The Emperor Decius was killed in the battle. Emboldened by this victory the Goths built boats and ships and raided the cities of the Black Sea and eastern Mediterranean. The Romans under Claudius I finally were able to defeat the Goths decisively in 269 A.D. and brought peace to the region. The Emperor Claudius was thereafter known as Claudius Gothicus. But Claudius Gothicus rule did not last long and he was succeeded by the Emperor Aurelian.
The Emperor Aurelian recognized the realities of the military situation in Dacia and in 270 A.D. withdrew Roman troops from Dacia leaving it to the Goths. The Danube once again became the northern frontier of the Roman Empire in eastern Europe. In 324 A.D. the Emperor Constantine concluded a treaty with the Visigoths that made them confederates of the Empire which meant that in return for annual subsidy the Visigoths agreed to help defend the Empire. Nominally Dacia was again counted as part of the Empire but controlled and defended by the Visigoths, confederates of the Roman Empire.
The Ostrogoths were located to the east of the Visigoths in the region beyond the Dniester River. There were significant differences between the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths, generally the Ostrogoths represented a more archaic form of Gothic society.
The challenges of the barbarians to the Empire imposed a heavy burden on its finances and its military. The burden of raising the troops and the funds to defend the Empire was threatening to bring about its collapse. The Emperor Diocletian undertook a major reorganization of the Empire. Later the Emperor Constantine undertook further political and economic reorganization.
Long before the beginning of the period known as the Middle Ages a tribe of barbarians called the Goths lived north of the River Danube in the country which is now known as Roumania. It was then a part of the great Roman Empire, which at that time had two capitals, ConstantinopleЖthe new city of ConstantineЖand Rome. The Goths had come from the shores of the Baltic Sea and settled on this Roman territory, and the Romans had not driven them back.
During the reign of the Roman Emperor Valens some of the Goths joined a conspiracy against him. Valens punished them for this by crossing the Danube and laying waste their country. At last the Goths had to beg for mercy. The Gothic chief was afraid to set foot on Roman soil, so he and Valens met on their boats in the middle of the Danube and made a treaty of peace.
For a long time the Goths were at war with another tribe of barbarians called Huns. Sometimes the Huns defeated the Goths and drove them to their camps in the mountains. Sometimes the Goths came down to the plains again and defeated the Huns.
At last the Goths grew tired of such constant fighting and thought they would look for new settlements. They sent some of their leading men to the Emperor Valens to ask permission to settle in some country belonging to Rome. The messengers said to the emperor:
“If you will allow us to make homes in the country south of the Danube we will be friends of Rome and fight for her when she needs our help.”The emperor at once granted this request. He said to the Gothic chiefs:“Rome always needs good soldiers. Your people may cross the Danube and settle on our land. As long as you remain true to Rome we will protect you against your enemies.”
These Goths were known as Visigoths, or Western Goths. Other tribes of Goths who had settled in southern Russia, were called Ostrogoths, or Eastern Goths.
After getting permission from the Emperor Valens a large number of the Visigoths crossed the Danube with their families and their cattle and settled in the country now called Bulgaria.
In course of time they became a very powerful nation, and in the year 394 they chose as their king one of the chiefs named Alaric. He was a brave man and a great soldier. Even when a child he took delight in war, and at the age of sixteen he fought as bravely as the older soldiers.
One night, not long after he became king, Alaric had a very strange dream. He thought he was driving in a golden chariot through the streets of Rome amid the shouts of the people, who hailed him as emperor. This dream made a deep impression on his mind. He was always thinking of it, and at last he began to have the idea that he could make the dream come true.
“To be master of the Roman Empire,” he said to himself, “that is indeed worth trying for; and why should I not try? With my brave soldiers I can conquer Rome, and I shall make the attempt.”
So Alaric called his chiefs together and told them what he had made up his mind to do.The chiefs gave a cry of delight for they approved of the kings proposal. In those days fighting was almost the only business of chiefs, and they were always glad to be at war, especially when there was hope of getting rich spoils. And so the Visigoth chiefs rejoiced at the idea of war against Rome, for they knew that if they were victorious they would have the wealth of the richest city of the world to divide among themselves.
Soon they got ready a great army. With Alaric in command, they marched through Thrace and Macedonia and before long reached Athens. There were now no great warriors in Athens, and the city surrendered to Alaric. The Goths plundered the homes and temples of the Athenians and then marched to the state of Elis, in the southwestern part of Greece. Here a famous Roman general named Stilicho besieged them in their camp. Alaric managed to force his way through the lines of the Romans and escaped. He marched to Epirus. This was a province of Greece that lay on the east side of the Ionian Sea. Arcadius, the Emperor of the East, now made Alaric governor of this district and a large region lying near it. The whole territory was called Eastern Illyricum and formed part of the Eastern Empire.
A Roman general was captured and had his head cut from him. The city was sacked and rebuilt in Troy. Alaric was again granted a second position and made great aid to the Christian religion in Thrace, particularly the shrine of the Virgin Mary. It was also a place where Dionysia came to be worshipped.
What is the history of the Phoenician Empire?
Historians have known about the Phoenician empire for 100 years. The Phoenician empire, beginning as a kingdom of about 15,000 BC, ended between 1000 BC and the destruction of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. According to modern understanding, this was during the reign of Ptolemy I, Emperor of Macedon, who ruled a succession of countries as far as East and West, from the Caucasus to Asia Minor, which was then a large part of Eurasia. In contrast to the Greek Empire, a new type of Empire came into existence, called the Golden Age, and lasted until a few hundred years later (the beginning of the third Cretans). It was known as the Golden Age of Rome which ruled the Mediterranean coast and spread to the Achaemenid Kingdom.
In Thebes (the fourth Cretan Empire divided between Spain and Byzantium), the Romans were led by an emperor named Lucian: that is, Leonias, in 1637-1645 BC. Leonias was a popular governor in the province where he was based throughout the empire, and in particular was the first to conquer Athens. Leonias and the two sons of the emperor, Ptolemy II and Ptolemy III, were educated in Greece from 1479-1511 BC. Leonias was succeeded by Ptolemy II in 1542-1563 BC. He was promoted to the position of general after his rule ended and his daughter Ptolemy II was appointed emperor by the Ptolemic Empire of Cappadocia. In order to give a proper view of Leonias, we have seen that he led the military campaigns of both Greece and Byzantium during the reign of Ptolemy I and his son Ptolemy III.
In addition, because the emperor was a Roman, he was a Roman citizen, and the province of Leonias was named after him. He was also crowned on the imperial throne and his son Ptolemy II was governor.
Today the Phoenician country has lost some of its ancient buildings and the buildings of old Roman towns and cities become part of these lost ruins. In contrast, the ruins of Rome, Carthage, Athens, Corinth and Rome are still standing in Pompeii. The ruins of cities are scattered all over Italy, and they belong to the great empires of Rome, Carthage, Carthaginia, Cappadocia and later, Illyricum.
What have all of these ancient ruins been like?
According to some ancient historians