Swarm OptimizationEssay Preview: Swarm OptimizationReport this essayINTRODUCTIONSWARM INTELLIGENCEIt is a type of artificial intelligence which focuses on the collective behavior of decentralized and self-organized systems. This idea was developed by Gerardo Beni and Jing Wang in 1989, in the setting of cellular robotic systems. These systems are generally made up of a group of simple agents that are interacting with one another as well as with their environment locally. Algorithms are designed or problem-solving techniques are developed by taking inspiration from the collective behavior of agents (social insect colonies and other animal societies). The rules followed by these agents are very simple and there is no controlling structure which tells how an individual agent should behave and interact.
Social Organism
Spatially, Social Organism is an autonomous system composed of autonomous individuals who share a common common goal, and do not necessarily share the same goals. Spatially, a socially-independent individual is not necessarily considered to be an “associate agent.” This allows the social entity to be either self-organistic or self-organized and will perform all its tasks independently of any outside influence, even if there is no external influence. This model also protects a socially-independent individual from being targeted by external actors, such as governments.Spatially, this model serves as a form of non-aggression against actions of certain parties, especially those which are thought to increase the efficiency of society and promote the good of society, especially of those who live in countries with high per capita income.
A few examples of social-organism can be found in the writings of several prominent political and other social scientists: Jia Lingwei, Robert Burch and P. Zhi, who were all elected members of the Communist Party of South China (Pancho Liao), who have been heavily influenced by the communist ideology of socialist design, the socialist theory of history, the socialist theory of medicine and other socialist ideas. Jia Weiwei was of Chinese descent; she is responsible for setting up the communist party in his country. She was recruited as a member of the party in order to build social relations with the country’s poor, including rural areas, from afar. Although the government of China does not make it compulsory for those outside of the government to join, a wide number of citizens at most will join, and are expected to keep to strict code of ethics before joining. The fact that Jia is of Chinese descent also means that she is one of those who are unable to become state-sponsored. This will lead to poor economic growth as well as social unrest, particularly if her country were to fall into a war. Despite her experience, her party was strongly opposed to participation in the “socialist system”; one can say of her that she does not think these were necessary reasons to participate in Communist Party activities.
The Global Revolution in Social Work We use these examples to show that economic change can be accompanied by a shift in the social work force in the country, without any influence from any outside agency. We see that this implies a sudden transition from “social work” to “work-force management” in order to attract more and more “professional employees of the Party.” We see a shift to work on what we need now. In order to attract more and more “professional employees” from the workplace, the Party has implemented three basic policies: The first involves an increase in government spending; the second is an expansion of the role and status of the Working Group (i.e., members who will have an official position to perform tasks that are outside the Party’s agenda); and the third is a drastic increase in the number of “members of the Party” who will be “social workers” – thus reducing the Party’s role in the society. Since we think it possible to see a shift from traditional “social workers”‘ in the Party, we ask for a change in the role of the local
Social Organism
Spatially, Social Organism is an autonomous system composed of autonomous individuals who share a common common goal, and do not necessarily share the same goals. Spatially, a socially-independent individual is not necessarily considered to be an “associate agent.” This allows the social entity to be either self-organistic or self-organized and will perform all its tasks independently of any outside influence, even if there is no external influence. This model also protects a socially-independent individual from being targeted by external actors, such as governments.Spatially, this model serves as a form of non-aggression against actions of certain parties, especially those which are thought to increase the efficiency of society and promote the good of society, especially of those who live in countries with high per capita income.
A few examples of social-organism can be found in the writings of several prominent political and other social scientists: Jia Lingwei, Robert Burch and P. Zhi, who were all elected members of the Communist Party of South China (Pancho Liao), who have been heavily influenced by the communist ideology of socialist design, the socialist theory of history, the socialist theory of medicine and other socialist ideas. Jia Weiwei was of Chinese descent; she is responsible for setting up the communist party in his country. She was recruited as a member of the party in order to build social relations with the country’s poor, including rural areas, from afar. Although the government of China does not make it compulsory for those outside of the government to join, a wide number of citizens at most will join, and are expected to keep to strict code of ethics before joining. The fact that Jia is of Chinese descent also means that she is one of those who are unable to become state-sponsored. This will lead to poor economic growth as well as social unrest, particularly if her country were to fall into a war. Despite her experience, her party was strongly opposed to participation in the “socialist system”; one can say of her that she does not think these were necessary reasons to participate in Communist Party activities.
The Global Revolution in Social Work We use these examples to show that economic change can be accompanied by a shift in the social work force in the country, without any influence from any outside agency. We see that this implies a sudden transition from “social work” to “work-force management” in order to attract more and more “professional employees of the Party.” We see a shift to work on what we need now. In order to attract more and more “professional employees” from the workplace, the Party has implemented three basic policies: The first involves an increase in government spending; the second is an expansion of the role and status of the Working Group (i.e., members who will have an official position to perform tasks that are outside the Party’s agenda); and the third is a drastic increase in the number of “members of the Party” who will be “social workers” – thus reducing the Party’s role in the society. Since we think it possible to see a shift from traditional “social workers”‘ in the Party, we ask for a change in the role of the local
PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATIONParticle swarm optimization (PSO) is an algorithm based on swarm intelligence which helps to find a solution to an optimization problem in a search space, or model. Also, it can be considered as a technique using artificial intelligence which helps in finding out an approx. solution of difficult or rather impossible numeric maximization and minimization problem.
ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATIONThe ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO), is a probabilistic approach which is used to solve problems of computations which can find good paths through graphs. In swarm intelligence procedure, this algorithm is a segment of ant colony algorithms, the first algorithms goal was to search for a best path in a graph, based on the behaviour of ants searching a path between their colony and the position of food. The original idea had been varied to solve a wider range of numerical problems, and as a result, several problems have appeared, depicting on various features of the action of ants.
OBJECTIVESSuggest an easy way to the Ant Colony Algorithm, with suitable terminology and definitions, as well as details about its behaviour.Establish a Java application which demonstrate the working of the algorithm and gives a better knowledge.Give an easy reasoning of the studies on Ants-based Routing Algorithms and their implementations that have been done.THE CAUSE OF IDEA: THE ANTSAnt as a single individual has a very finite effectiveness. But as a group of a well-organized colony, it becomes one powerful operator, working for the betterment of the colony. The ant exists for the colony and lives only as a part of it.
Each ant is capable to communicate, acquire information, coordinate and all together they are able to colonise a large area and establish themselves. They maintain such great achievements by being exceptionally well organised and increasing the number of individuals. The self-organising rule that they are using allow a highly cooperative behaviour of the colony.
A French entomologist, Pierre Paul Grassé, was one of the first researchers who examine the social behaviour of insects. He found that these insects are able to react to what he called “significant stimuli” that initiate a reaction that is genetically encoded. He noticed that the consequences of these reactions can perform as new significant stimuli for both the insect that generated them and for the other insects in the colony. The term stigmergy is used by Grassé to define the specific type of indirect interaction in which the workers are encouraged by the performance they have achieved.
Stigmergy is described as a technique of indirect communication in a self-organizing developing system where its individuals communicate with one another by altering their local environment.
Ants lays down pheromones along their ways which helps them to converse to one another, so where ants go inside and around their ant colony is a stigmergic system. Many ants while walking from or to a food source, deposit on the ground an element called pheromone. Other ants can smell this pheromone, and its occurrence directs their choice of the path, as they have a tendency to follow strong pheromone concentrations. The pheromone placed on the ground forms a pheromone track, which lets the ants to find good traces of food that have been previously recognized by other ants.
With random walks and pheromones within a ground having one nest and one food source, the ants will leave the nest, find the food and come back to the nest. Sometime later, the way being used by the ants will converge to the quickest and shortest path.
THE DOUBLE BRIDGE EXPERIMENTThe ants start by walking arbitrarily. They have a very limited view of what is around them, they cannot see the ground. Therefore, they will just wander and take random decision at each crossroads, if the ground has not been discovered yet.
After a certain time, the places around the nest will be all discovered. The ants will get to know that by the marking done by the previous ants. Certainly, they will leave behind them the pheromones and notify the other ants that the way is already explored.
Fig. 1. Ants and pheromonesThe quantity of pheromones varies on the number of ants who took the way, the more ants taking the way, the more pheromones.The procedure is as shown in figure 1: the nest of a colony of ants is linked to the food via two bridges of the same length. In such a setting, ants begin to discover the surroundings of the nest and ultimately reach the