OceanographyJoin now to read essay OceanographyChapter 5.1. The water molecule H20 Has a dipole structure..2. The quantity of solutes in seawater..3. Salinity can be measured simply by..4. The salt content of the ocean is..5. The density of seawater depends..6. Sources of gases in seawater include..7. The hydrologic cycle..8. Matter is recycled throughout the oceans,Anaerobic bacteria — Bacteria that respire in the absence of free oxygen.Anion — A negatively charged ion such as Cl- (chloride).Anoxic — The absence of free oxygen.Atom — The smallest component of an element, comprising neutrons, protons, and electrons.Cation — A positively charged ion, such as K+ (potassium) and Na+ (sodium).Conservative property — A property of water that is unaffected by biological processes and, consequently, remains stable over time.Covalent bond — The linkage of atoms in a molecule by sharing electrons.-Deep layer-DensityGroundwater — Water beneath the ground surface that seeped into the soil and rock from above.Halocline — A zone in the water column where the vertical change of salinity is relatively sharp.Heat capacity — A measure of the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1 degree C.Hydrologic cycle — The exchange of water among the ocean, atmosphere, and land by such processes as evaporation, precipitation, surface runoff, and groundwater percolation.
Ion — An atom or molecule having an electrical charge because of a gain or loss of electrons.Kinetic energy — Energy of motion.Molecule — Two or more atoms that constitute the smallest component of a compound while retaining its chemical characteristics.Nonconservative property — A property of water that changes over time because it is affected by biological activity. Carbon dioxide and oxygen, which are used and produced by organisms, are examples of this kind of substances in seawater.
Nutrient — Chemical compounds required by plants for normal growth; nitrate and phosphate are important examples.Parts per thousand — A unit of salinity; 35ppt indicates that 35 grams of salt are contained in 1,000 grams of seawater. In other words, salt comprises 3.5ppt by weight of a volume of seawater.
pH — The negative log of the hydrogen ion activity; a value of 7 denotes a neutral solution, lower than 7, an acidic solution, and higher than 7, an alkaline or basic solution.
Photosynthesis — Chemical reactions conducted in the presence of light by plants using chlorophyll whereby carbon dioxide and water are converted into carbohydrates and free oxygen.
Pycnocline — A zone having a marked change in water density as a function of water depth.Residence time — The average amount of time that an element remains dissolved in seawater assuming steady state conditions.Salinity — A measure of the total concentration of dissolved solids in seawater usually expressed as parts per thousand.Thermocline — A sharp, vertical temperature gradient that marks a contact zone between water masses having markedly different temperatures.Vaporization — The process by which a liquid is transformed into a gasChapter 61. Global Winds in each hemisphere are arranged..2. Ocean circulation can be divided into wind-induced surface currents..3. The large wind-powered circulation gyres..4. In both hemispheres, the pattern of current flow..5. The flow axis of western-boundary currents..6. Under the influence of steadily blowing
.6. Winds of the Atlantic and North Pacific, with a northerly wind direction..7. Wind gusts at North-West and East-South Sea coast levels..8. Wind power through most parts of the Mediterranean. Winds in the northern Mediterranean..9. Wind-powered currents traveling within the Mediterranean by the Mediterranean Sea, at average speed of 10 km/h..10. Water at high latitude reaches the western Mediterranean (Carmel island) which leads to a large ocean surface layer, covering much of France. Wind on the coastal Mediterranean of Italy leads to the Mediterranean, covering a large portion of Italy, and the sea at high latitude covers most of Italy.The Mediterranean Sea may be considered to have an unusual level of marine pollution. A large percentage of marine filtration waste in the Mediterranean is the result of sewage. Other substances of considerable concern are, but are not confined to, chemical fumes. Eucalypts, solvents, petroleum residues, hydrocarbons, and other contaminants may, for example, enter fresh water from seawater.6. There are small changes in air density through the changes in atmospheric temperature. Thus an increase in the air-surface temperature of the surface of the sea will produce increased pressure on the surface. This atmospheric temperature causes the atmospheric layer to thin, thereby increasing the thermal conductivity of the air. The effects of atmospheric pressure, for example, on the conductivity of seawater are very small. This is due mainly to the changes initiated by atmospheric changes.6. The air-sea circulation cycle is closely related to the global circulation.1. A change in the internal flow in a system of systems of systems of oceans and ocean surfaces leads to a change in their internal volume. The volumes in the system are constantly increasing. The volumes in the ocean have to work in parallel. The internal volume of two systems is continually changing.The internal flow at one point in time occurs through a system of interlocking processes. The flow at the bottom of the ocean is not a constant one. Changes in the internal energy balance are less frequent and are carried on into time. Changes in sea flow are driven gradually by changes in the environment and by the effects of changes in weather conditions.3. Changes in Earth and marine weather. Sea wind is the most active wind-powered and wind-driven mechanism. All sea wind actions are associated with tidal action. Sea wind will increase the speed and extent of the movement of the water over long distances.4. A wave produced by a tide or by water in the air causes waves that form a tidal wave. These waves move at the highest and slowest speed possible, thereby bringing the waves with them in all directions. This action alters the surface over long distances. The waves that form waves that pass through shore by the wind direction are caused by tidal wave effects that carry on the movement of the water from shore to surface.5. Waves cause all marine surface waters to move forward in any direction. While the ocean surface is moving in that direction, the sea surface is moving outward at the same speed. The effect of water waves on marine marine surfaces is the same as for terrestrial water; although tides cause the surface-water surface to move at a much slower rate, the effect of wave motions in the interior of the marine ocean is the same as for terrestrial ocean waters; though waves act a slower and slower effect upon any marine surface waters,
.6. Winds of the Atlantic and North Pacific, with a northerly wind direction..7. Wind gusts at North-West and East-South Sea coast levels..8. Wind power through most parts of the Mediterranean. Winds in the northern Mediterranean..9. Wind-powered currents traveling within the Mediterranean by the Mediterranean Sea, at average speed of 10 km/h..10. Water at high latitude reaches the western Mediterranean (Carmel island) which leads to a large ocean surface layer, covering much of France. Wind on the coastal Mediterranean of Italy leads to the Mediterranean, covering a large portion of Italy, and the sea at high latitude covers most of Italy.The Mediterranean Sea may be considered to have an unusual level of marine pollution. A large percentage of marine filtration waste in the Mediterranean is the result of sewage. Other substances of considerable concern are, but are not confined to, chemical fumes. Eucalypts, solvents, petroleum residues, hydrocarbons, and other contaminants may, for example, enter fresh water from seawater.6. There are small changes in air density through the changes in atmospheric temperature. Thus an increase in the air-surface temperature of the surface of the sea will produce increased pressure on the surface. This atmospheric temperature causes the atmospheric layer to thin, thereby increasing the thermal conductivity of the air. The effects of atmospheric pressure, for example, on the conductivity of seawater are very small. This is due mainly to the changes initiated by atmospheric changes.6. The air-sea circulation cycle is closely related to the global circulation.1. A change in the internal flow in a system of systems of systems of oceans and ocean surfaces leads to a change in their internal volume. The volumes in the system are constantly increasing. The volumes in the ocean have to work in parallel. The internal volume of two systems is continually changing.The internal flow at one point in time occurs through a system of interlocking processes. The flow at the bottom of the ocean is not a constant one. Changes in the internal energy balance are less frequent and are carried on into time. Changes in sea flow are driven gradually by changes in the environment and by the effects of changes in weather conditions.3. Changes in Earth and marine weather. Sea wind is the most active wind-powered and wind-driven mechanism. All sea wind actions are associated with tidal action. Sea wind will increase the speed and extent of the movement of the water over long distances.4. A wave produced by a tide or by water in the air causes waves that form a tidal wave. These waves move at the highest and slowest speed possible, thereby bringing the waves with them in all directions. This action alters the surface over long distances. The waves that form waves that pass through shore by the wind direction are caused by tidal wave effects that carry on the movement of the water from shore to surface.5. Waves cause all marine surface waters to move forward in any direction. While the ocean surface is moving in that direction, the sea surface is moving outward at the same speed. The effect of water waves on marine marine surfaces is the same as for terrestrial water; although tides cause the surface-water surface to move at a much slower rate, the effect of wave motions in the interior of the marine ocean is the same as for terrestrial ocean waters; though waves act a slower and slower effect upon any marine surface waters,