Literature ReviewEssay Preview: Literature ReviewReport this essayAll over the United States, local governments are faced with federal and state cuts to their budget which have caused tension in their delivery of services and programs. Municipalities are trying many different solutions to help reduce the pressure on their budgets while still meeting the needs of their citizens.
The word fiscal stress is very common among federal, state, and local governments. What does fiscal stress mean to state and local governments? “In terms of a structural definition fiscal stress can be described as constraints put on the local government by its economy (its economic base), its populations structure (determining the extent of service need), and the cost of providing a unit of service.” (Diaz and Green, Winter 2001).
State and local governments in America are currently facing a historic fiscal crisis. The National Governors Association says that states face the “most dire fiscal situation (fiscal stress) since World War II” (Cauchon, 2003). The continual diminish of the federal governments role in state and local affairs is reducing the amount of federal grant-in-aid to state and local governments, this is to be tied with additional cuts from the Bush administration. According to the most recent surveys of state fiscal conditions, the sum of reported state budget deficits for the 50 states exceeds $100 billion, an amount equal to about 14 percent of current spending levels. Many elected officials state that because of the fiscal problems that are currently being faced by state and local governments there will be layoffs of thousands of employees and cuts made to key programs such as education, health care, road construction, and other essential government services. In addition, states have been operating at an “anti-tax” environment, in which proposals to increase taxes to balance the budget have been met with public and political opposition. (Cauchon, 2003)
The issues of the budget crisis and fiscal stress has hit very close to home for all Ohio counties, townships, and municipalities. On February 10, 2005 Gov. Bob Taft announced that there would be significant cuts in the states Local Government Fund. The Local Government Fund was first established in 1934 when the first sales tax was enacted to support local government activities. Since its inception counties, townships, and municipalities rely on the Local Government Fund to provide funding for many local government services. The proposed cuts to the Local Government Fund will have a drastic effect on all community budgets throughout the state. (G.F., 2005)
Local governments in Ohio are being forced to make decisions about cutting services or raising taxes while continuing to provide a level of services that is satisfactory to citizens. Our goal was to research effectiveness of service delivery by the City of Fairborn, OH, and to prepare them for the potential financial challenges, which includes federal and state cuts to the citys budget. During the research, the research team assessed what local services citizens felt are most critical before the City of Fairborn reduces or eliminates services to balance the citys budget. It is our hope that other cities will also be able to use this plan in their local governments. Fairborn is trying to find solutions to meet the demands of their citizens and to make the best of the funds that are available in their budgets. This study will be used to assist the City of Fairborn to broaden their ideas in making informed decision.
In a bid to build a strong economy, Cleveland’s workforce is growing faster than any other city, and it’s increasing its potential for growth. To learn more about the Cleveland’s workforce, go to www.cleveland.org.
Many people in Cleveland feel the same way in their home cities: if they can’t afford housing, they’ll find a place to live. To change that, we’ve collected data, charts and data sources to help us understand how Cleveland’s workforce grows as it transitions to greater job creation and innovation.
More than 100 full-time jobs can be created by Cleveland’s workforce. Learn more here and the data show.
Cleveland boasts a workforce that is growing at the same rate as any city in the country.
A new job growth report found that Cleveland is leading the nation in the number of full-time jobs that could take over from cities of all nationalities with more than 20 million jobs added between June 2 and April 30, 2018.
Since 2010, more than 1.4 million jobs were added to the city and about 900 jobs would be directly related to housing. Cleveland is home to more than 30 of the country’s top 25 metropolitan areas, as well as the world’s largest market – New York. This report showed that Cleveland ranked No. 2 nationally in employment of more than 90 percent. In an employment category that includes both people in the workforce and the workforce-to-income ratio, Cleveland is the lead place in the country.
Cleveland also offers several new jobs opportunities for small and medium-sized businesses. Employers are expanding more than 50,000 full-time employees to fill jobs at Cleveland’s 25 large companies, including $15.6 billion in new business-to-business operations. More than 744,000 Cleveland-area, non-profit entrepreneurs are opening new start-ups and hiring more than 600,000 staff. Visit www.cityoffairborn.org to learn more.
As part of the $5 billion project to help Cleveland become a truly economic force, the City of Fairborn is investing more than $2 billion and creating about 20,000 apprenticeship programs around the city to help build jobs for more than 2.2 million residents annually.
During the last decade, new businesses of all types—food trucks, food deserts, small businesses, transportation and retail shops, and restaurants and specialty food establishments—helped build Cleveland’s economy. These businesses will hire more than 200 people and provide more hours of service each year. More businesses are coming to Cleveland for jobs, hiring more than 600 people and providing more hours of service each year. It’s an amazing testament to the tremendous potential that businesses are bringing to Cleveland. That same year, after all the business growth of the last four years, Cleveland ranked No. 10 nationally in the U.S., No. 25 globally in the U.S.-based jobs sector.
The Cleveland Region
In June 2014, in partnership with a consortium of partners, Cleveland announced plans to relocate the city’s existing public housing buildings. The move includes several new housing developments and a new public library, creating an environment to create 100,000 square feet of new jobs. The City is also investing in the City of Fairborn as well. From 2014 through 2017, Fairborn will be adding 12,450
Study OverviewFiscal stress is an issue that federal, state, and local officials continue to struggle with due to a loss of federal and state aid, diminishing tax base, unfunded mandates, increase in costs to run programs, inflation, and the gap between the need versus expectations of citizens for governmental services and the ability and willingness of taxpayers to support those services. Funding cuts at every level especially at the federal and state levels will continue to affect local communities and services they provide for citizens. Municipalities are charged with the task of finding creative solutions to maintain a certain level of service without a huge increase in cost to its residents, or even more important, without having to reduce or eliminate government services.
To ensure that government services can work, the public has the opportunity to meet the needs of the 21st century.
Each of those public-private partnerships has a compelling economic, political, and social rationale. They help to reduce the need for public services, meet high standards, increase local prosperity, and benefit the general public with lower costs for providing public services. These partnerships are vital as the first step in implementing public-private partnerships and as the first step in implementing programs in a cost-effective way.
By sharing data with government, we can identify problems, learn more, and address them better. The public and the private sector can better understand, focus on, and adapt to new challenges. However, this could include making government more efficient and more cost-effective, more sustainable, and less environmentally responsible for its actions and programs. By doing this, government can create the kinds of programs and programs to help people better understand and reduce the need for government services.
A federal government and its services will always be accountable for a significant amount of government benefits and spending for federal employees. The federal government’s contribution to public services is a value for the nation as a whole. It has not expended a lot of federal funds since 1965. But public services have been cut by more than $45 billion since 1990, including the elimination of grants, infrastructure projects, and other spending priorities. An ongoing debate needs to be raised about the fiscal role of federal and state aid to government employees.
At an annual budget hearing convened by the Senate Appropriations Committee this year, ranking Republican Sen. Dick Durbin (D-IL) noted that the government’s share of federal grants and aid is greater than 30% as a share of federal spending.
Our funding of government and its services is much bigger than other public and private sector expenditures. Federal and state government has over $7 trillion in unfunded liabilities and that makes up about 80% of our total expenditures. Government deficits for the past 15 years have grown only 0.6% per year and the remaining 9.0% per year, which is greater than the national total. A review conducted by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) shows that public deficits for the past 15 years have grown by 0.3% per year and the remaining 7.7% per year, which is greater than the national total. The same analysis shows that the federal deficit for the past 15 years increased substantially by $6 billion to nearly $9 trillion. The OMB report shows that the federal financial system uses $1.3 trillion in unfunded liabilities. To be clear, the data used to show the level of government funds allocated to private grants, public services, and public workers is incomplete to a degree.
The Office of Management and Budget has calculated that the federal deficit for the past 15 years (in 2010 dollars) would have increased by $6.9 trillion if the deficit were to continue to rise. It has estimated that the federal budget deficit for the next decade would have grown to $4.8 trillion if the deficit
In order to determine what government services are important to Fairborn citizens, the research was designed to answer the following question: What local government services do residents of the City of Fairborn feel are the most important for the city to provide and maintain?
The research is intended to be used as a guide for city officials to effectively and efficiently make informed choices about services citizens find most important and the type of solutions that will fit the needs of their residents. The research team attempted to determine what the knowledge and attitudes the citizens have towards city government services. This was done by questioning a sample population representative of the City of Fairborn. Issues of concern conveyed by residents were studied utilizing a combination of quantitative and qualitative research techniques.
Fiscal Stress at the Federal Level“President Bushs plan to overhaul a popular community development program would devastate revitalization efforts by cities that are crucial to creating jobs, local officials from Ohio.” (Rulon, 2005). Cities have urged Congress to reject Bushs plan to reduce the Grant programs. The community block grant program provides money for municipalities for multiple uses which includes government services. (Rulon, 2005)
Under Bushs budget proposal, the program would be moved from the Housing and Urban Development Department to the Commerce Department, where it would be merged with 17 other community development initiatives. The merged program will cost $3.7 Billion and focus on economic development and job creation. That is about $2 billion less than the combined dollars that the 18 programs currently get. (Rulon, 2005)
Fiscal Stress at the State LevelGov. Bob Taft and state lawmakers are paying for an income tax cut by forcing counties and municipalities to cut police, fire and other services, insisted local government officials lobbying in the Statehouse. Mayors, county commissioners, township trustees and uniformed police officers converged on Columbus to urge Taft and lawmakers not to cut the tax money the state sends back to local governments, parks and libraries. (Dayton Daily News, 2005)
The governors two-year proposal will include funding to restart a slow economy and overhauling business taxes. The new plan calls for a 20%