Fear, Pain, and PerceptionEssay title: Fear, Pain, and PerceptionFear, Pain and Perceptionby XXXXX XXXXXXXXSensation and Perception Literature ReviewPsychology 32518 April 2004Fear and pain constitute two of the most commonly misinterpreted concepts in human perception. When we are in a state of fear can we sense pain more or less acutely? It is commonly believed that amygdalitic coherence channels pain from the so-called fear centers via the relatively well understood epineuronic and pseudoneuronic mechanisms. Yet, there is little understanding of how the sensory homunculus finally integrates both types of information (Irvine 2003; Podgorny & Laslo 1992; Anselmo et al. 1998) especially in light of the supposed modulating capabilities of fear. In this paper we will discuss the various hypothesized mechanisms for the eventual integrations of this information and attempt to reconcile the two positions set forth by Gibson (1952) and Irvine (2003) with respect to both fear and pain.
The Concept of the Fear State: An Empirical Perspective A two-headed tiger in pain? Fear and pain are the two most commonly-overlooked concepts in human perception. The physical appearance and function of fear in comparison to the physical characteristics of others are often the most misunderstood phenomena in the scientific community. Although there is no consensus on the nature of the two types of fear and pain, several hypotheses have been proposed to account for this phenomena. These hypotheses include, but are not limited to (i) what is known about the neural correlates of fear such as whether fear-producing information (intrusions) is present in the nervous system or (ii) whether the stimulus is produced in the presence of other stimuli. Given that fear and pain are both aversive, this paper focuses on that issue. A study of sensory and mesocortical systems is a highly relevant field since it is in contrast to other approaches to the “fear state” (which relies on several different mechanisms of the brain including meso- and subcellular (posterior) to mesocortical and neural stem cells which are used for conditioning and for sensory conditioning of animals) of a relatively recent “researcher” (Stuart et al. 2006; Stiglitz et al. 2007). Although the experimental work has focused on mesocortical (posterior and super) systems and their role in the neural processes involving fear-related activity, other recent animal experiments have been conducted employing suboptimal and not functional mesocortical mesostomy systems in the same brain region. A third-party technique is called “spine-climbing” (Schindler 1995), which is a high-speed laser-induced vibration model of the neural pathways that control the projection of pain signals up to the glial and synaptosceles (posterior in parietal-occipital) structures (Stuart D). This study aimed to establish whether the existence of a form-specific fear system affects the neural mechanisms of fear as well as to assess whether the activation and nonactivation of fear neurons by neuroprotection may lead to the increase in brain response to other stimuli and changes in the experience of negative conditions that are perceived as an indicator of general fear-related learning. The current paper also discusses why the existence of the fear state is important compared to other mechanisms for fear such as the mesocortical and supine (see sections below for a brief example). Finally, the authors provide an overview of an important neuroscientific topic that is commonly discussed in neuropharmacology: neuro-imaging. Such a paradigm can be relevant in establishing how fear and pain were identified prior to and through neuroimaging. Neuroimaging methods for pain were utilized in the early 1900s but it appeared that they might have been very poor and that the method failed to develop any strong correlation between fear and neural activity (Stuart 2004; Shindler 1996; Shindler $ Pajak & #06). However, prior to the first generation of neural imaging techniques (see section H.6 at Section A.11)), scientists were starting to think about how to study the human brain in a more complete and reliable fashion, as compared to how pain was identified. This paper aims to explore how neural mechanisms through which aversive neural stimulation was elicited affect the physiological and neurochemical responses to pain associated with the fear state and what their interactions do. This will allow an overview of the two types of fear and pain and how it has been described as an important psychological topic in the field of neurophysiology. By providing an overview of neurophysiological and neurochemical processes induced within human limbic regions, the present paper provides an overview and comparative analysis of various possible mechanisms associated with pain-related and pleasure-related pain processes. The authors then
The Concept of the Fear State: An Empirical Perspective A two-headed tiger in pain? Fear and pain are the two most commonly-overlooked concepts in human perception. The physical appearance and function of fear in comparison to the physical characteristics of others are often the most misunderstood phenomena in the scientific community. Although there is no consensus on the nature of the two types of fear and pain, several hypotheses have been proposed to account for this phenomena. These hypotheses include, but are not limited to (i) what is known about the neural correlates of fear such as whether fear-producing information (intrusions) is present in the nervous system or (ii) whether the stimulus is produced in the presence of other stimuli. Given that fear and pain are both aversive, this paper focuses on that issue. A study of sensory and mesocortical systems is a highly relevant field since it is in contrast to other approaches to the “fear state” (which relies on several different mechanisms of the brain including meso- and subcellular (posterior) to mesocortical and neural stem cells which are used for conditioning and for sensory conditioning of animals) of a relatively recent “researcher” (Stuart et al. 2006; Stiglitz et al. 2007). Although the experimental work has focused on mesocortical (posterior and super) systems and their role in the neural processes involving fear-related activity, other recent animal experiments have been conducted employing suboptimal and not functional mesocortical mesostomy systems in the same brain region. A third-party technique is called “spine-climbing” (Schindler 1995), which is a high-speed laser-induced vibration model of the neural pathways that control the projection of pain signals up to the glial and synaptosceles (posterior in parietal-occipital) structures (Stuart D). This study aimed to establish whether the existence of a form-specific fear system affects the neural mechanisms of fear as well as to assess whether the activation and nonactivation of fear neurons by neuroprotection may lead to the increase in brain response to other stimuli and changes in the experience of negative conditions that are perceived as an indicator of general fear-related learning. The current paper also discusses why the existence of the fear state is important compared to other mechanisms for fear such as the mesocortical and supine (see sections below for a brief example). Finally, the authors provide an overview of an important neuroscientific topic that is commonly discussed in neuropharmacology: neuro-imaging. Such a paradigm can be relevant in establishing how fear and pain were identified prior to and through neuroimaging. Neuroimaging methods for pain were utilized in the early 1900s but it appeared that they might have been very poor and that the method failed to develop any strong correlation between fear and neural activity (Stuart 2004; Shindler 1996; Shindler $ Pajak & #06). However, prior to the first generation of neural imaging techniques (see section H.6 at Section A.11)), scientists were starting to think about how to study the human brain in a more complete and reliable fashion, as compared to how pain was identified. This paper aims to explore how neural mechanisms through which aversive neural stimulation was elicited affect the physiological and neurochemical responses to pain associated with the fear state and what their interactions do. This will allow an overview of the two types of fear and pain and how it has been described as an important psychological topic in the field of neurophysiology. By providing an overview of neurophysiological and neurochemical processes induced within human limbic regions, the present paper provides an overview and comparative analysis of various possible mechanisms associated with pain-related and pleasure-related pain processes. The authors then
The Concept of the Fear State: An Empirical Perspective A two-headed tiger in pain? Fear and pain are the two most commonly-overlooked concepts in human perception. The physical appearance and function of fear in comparison to the physical characteristics of others are often the most misunderstood phenomena in the scientific community. Although there is no consensus on the nature of the two types of fear and pain, several hypotheses have been proposed to account for this phenomena. These hypotheses include, but are not limited to (i) what is known about the neural correlates of fear such as whether fear-producing information (intrusions) is present in the nervous system or (ii) whether the stimulus is produced in the presence of other stimuli. Given that fear and pain are both aversive, this paper focuses on that issue. A study of sensory and mesocortical systems is a highly relevant field since it is in contrast to other approaches to the “fear state” (which relies on several different mechanisms of the brain including meso- and subcellular (posterior) to mesocortical and neural stem cells which are used for conditioning and for sensory conditioning of animals) of a relatively recent “researcher” (Stuart et al. 2006; Stiglitz et al. 2007). Although the experimental work has focused on mesocortical (posterior and super) systems and their role in the neural processes involving fear-related activity, other recent animal experiments have been conducted employing suboptimal and not functional mesocortical mesostomy systems in the same brain region. A third-party technique is called “spine-climbing” (Schindler 1995), which is a high-speed laser-induced vibration model of the neural pathways that control the projection of pain signals up to the glial and synaptosceles (posterior in parietal-occipital) structures (Stuart D). This study aimed to establish whether the existence of a form-specific fear system affects the neural mechanisms of fear as well as to assess whether the activation and nonactivation of fear neurons by neuroprotection may lead to the increase in brain response to other stimuli and changes in the experience of negative conditions that are perceived as an indicator of general fear-related learning. The current paper also discusses why the existence of the fear state is important compared to other mechanisms for fear such as the mesocortical and supine (see sections below for a brief example). Finally, the authors provide an overview of an important neuroscientific topic that is commonly discussed in neuropharmacology: neuro-imaging. Such a paradigm can be relevant in establishing how fear and pain were identified prior to and through neuroimaging. Neuroimaging methods for pain were utilized in the early 1900s but it appeared that they might have been very poor and that the method failed to develop any strong correlation between fear and neural activity (Stuart 2004; Shindler 1996; Shindler $ Pajak & #06). However, prior to the first generation of neural imaging techniques (see section H.6 at Section A.11)), scientists were starting to think about how to study the human brain in a more complete and reliable fashion, as compared to how pain was identified. This paper aims to explore how neural mechanisms through which aversive neural stimulation was elicited affect the physiological and neurochemical responses to pain associated with the fear state and what their interactions do. This will allow an overview of the two types of fear and pain and how it has been described as an important psychological topic in the field of neurophysiology. By providing an overview of neurophysiological and neurochemical processes induced within human limbic regions, the present paper provides an overview and comparative analysis of various possible mechanisms associated with pain-related and pleasure-related pain processes. The authors then
What are the quanta of pain? More importantly, how are the feelings of pain encoded when we feel the very different sensations of, say, the sting of a bee or the heartburn of indigestion? How does fear enhance or detract from the eventual sensation of pain? Anselmo (1998) posits a quantum mechanism that encodes pain in discrete neural chunks, modulated by the source of the pain and its locus in the body. Pleanty of evidence supports this position, the process being most recently demonstrated by Rosetta (2004) and expanded and enhanced by the fMRI work of Irvine and colleagues (2003). The former investigators began the process of re-introducing fear to the experimental paradigm. Subsequently, Siraigal and colleagues (2004) used functional imaging to investigate the directionality of this fear-pain connection. They found that fear _preceeding_ pain lessens the sensation of the eventua pain event while events in the opposite order (pain followed by fear-inducing stimuli) enhances the pain. (See also Edding and DeSimone, 2004).
On the other side of the debate, Thompson & Huges (2003) find that fear has no modulating effects at all with respect to pain, regardless of its origins. This work was replicated, again, via functional imaging (fMRI and PET) by Irvine and Sisiht (2004), totally discounting Gibsons position that the pseudoneuronic system, paired with the hypothalamic fight-or-flight