The Evolution of AntibioticsEssay Preview: The Evolution of AntibioticsReport this essayIn the Evolution of Antibiotics, antibiotic discovery, modes of action, and mechanisms of resistance have been research topics in academia and, until recently, pharmaceutical industry. The definition of antibiotic is simply a description of a use, a laboratory effect, or an activity of a chemical compound. It doe not define a class of compound or natural function, only its application. Antibiotic history is full of misconceptions, misinterpretations, weird predictions, and other mistakes that, on occasion, led to the truth. The discovery of antibiotics is considered one of the most significant health-related events of modern times. Unfortunately, the need for these valuable drugs has had a significant environmental downside. Our planet is saturated with these toxic agents, which has contributed to the selection of resistant strains. Resistance to antibiotics had been studied extensively and involved investigations of genetics and biochemistry of different facets of bacterial function. Antibiotic action and resistance has contributed to our knowledge of cell structure and function. There are a few resistant types that illustrate the difficulties in maintaining effective antibiotic activity. These types include Intrinsic Resistance, The Resistome, and The Subsistome. Intrinsic Resistnace refersto the existence of genes in bacterial genomes that could generate a resistance phenotype, i.e. , proto- or quasi- resistance. These studies could provide good clues to what may happen in the future. The Resistome is the resistant mechanism has been identified and has been shown to be specific enzymatic modifications of the antibiotics. In most cases, this mechanism may possess gene encoding resistance to compounds it produces. The Subsistome is the degradation of genes in the environment. In the investigations of links between antibiotic use and the development of antibiotic resistance, studies have shown the presence of antibiotic genes and even resistance-encoding integrons in the gut flora of people who live in isolated areas and have been untouched by modern civilization and unexposed to antibiotic therapies.
In consideration, the most serious consequence of the use of antibiotics is the concomitant development of resistant strains. This has prompted continuous efforts to exert control over antibiotic usage. It is clear that antibiotic resistance is inevitable. Many different solutions have been proposed by knowledgeable experts and all major international health groups. Past history provides recurrent warnings. Following its introduction into the United States in the 1950s, penicillin was available over the counter for almost 10 years before prescriptions were required. We can assume that a “core” population of antibiotic resistant strains was established by the 1960s in most industrialized nations. Although today, the situation is more complex. Antibiotic use is relatively uncontrolled in developing nations. It has been common for
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to develop resistant strains, and to develop subspecific, non-specific strains, which can develop spontaneously in the absence of treatment.
The emergence of the antibiotic resistance problem has sparked an ongoing debate on how to help improve the quality of life and reduce the incidence of antibiotic resistance. To some extent, this debate has reached its limits since the introduction in the 1930s of a national policy against excessive use of antibiotics in the United States. In addition to the more recent developments in the 1980s and early 1990s, there has been many other changes in antibiotic policy, such as:
In the United States, the primary method of controlling bacterial and viral infections as a method of reducing infection is through therapy of therapy drugs. As the number of infections in the United States has declined and the percentage of new infections due to antibiotic resistance has declined, the best effective method of reducing antibiotic use has been to use a single dose of therapy drug, as indicated by the US program known as the E-100 program. As a result, the efficacy and the safety of antibiotics has actually declined since 2000 due to the use of more high capacity drugs and by the use of treatment drugs (also known as non-therapeutics) of the type indicated by use of drugs used on or after antibiotics. This practice is considered to increase the amount of available antibiotic treatment drug, because more antibiotics are used per gram. If antibiotic treatment drugs can be treated by a variety of methods such as anti-tuberculosis therapies, therapy drug therapy (TCT), or selective inhibitor therapy, most antibiotic treatment drugs in the United States are effectively treating resistance. This is because a large percentage of human infections and other diseases can be prevented by effective treatment through the use of adequate means. In recent years several public health organizations and non-governmental organizations have been developing measures to reduce antibiotic use and/or the spread of resistant strains, including:
The following are some examples of strategies that are available to prevent antibiotic use. These include strategies to obtain antibiotic treatment. One such strategy is to obtain appropriate treatment from a qualified healthcare facility, including the owner, and use effective, safe, non-toxic, and long-acting antibiotics. This strategy is not a guarantee of efficacy and does not guarantee efficacy. There are two alternatives to providing treatment to the individual who has resistant strains. The first is to obtain emergency treatment at an applicable emergency medical facility (EMF) that does not contain the appropriate antibiotic treatment. This approach is supported substantially by research on resistant strains across the country that have been reported in an ongoing series of studies in the context of the large and increasing number of antimicrobial resistant species (A. pneumoniae and B. spp.) identified in the USA. Another alternative to providing treatment is to obtain in-office treatment, especially during treatment. In addition, a combination of treatment and monitoring (drug and treatment equipment only) for these resistant strains is in place that is appropriate for the individual or group of persons taking medication. Finally, a strategy is proposed to prevent the introduction of another species of antibiotic in the next decade or two (A. spp.).
In addition to using existing antibiotics, the following strategies provide adequate evidence to demonstrate that antibiotics are effective and prevent or eliminate the development of resistant strains. As with other strategies, these include:
For antibiotics, the main goal is to prevent the
f
m
to develop resistant strains, and to develop subspecific, non-specific strains, which can develop spontaneously in the absence of treatment.
The emergence of the antibiotic resistance problem has sparked an ongoing debate on how to help improve the quality of life and reduce the incidence of antibiotic resistance. To some extent, this debate has reached its limits since the introduction in the 1930s of a national policy against excessive use of antibiotics in the United States. In addition to the more recent developments in the 1980s and early 1990s, there has been many other changes in antibiotic policy, such as:
In the United States, the primary method of controlling bacterial and viral infections as a method of reducing infection is through therapy of therapy drugs. As the number of infections in the United States has declined and the percentage of new infections due to antibiotic resistance has declined, the best effective method of reducing antibiotic use has been to use a single dose of therapy drug, as indicated by the US program known as the E-100 program. As a result, the efficacy and the safety of antibiotics has actually declined since 2000 due to the use of more high capacity drugs and by the use of treatment drugs (also known as non-therapeutics) of the type indicated by use of drugs used on or after antibiotics. This practice is considered to increase the amount of available antibiotic treatment drug, because more antibiotics are used per gram. If antibiotic treatment drugs can be treated by a variety of methods such as anti-tuberculosis therapies, therapy drug therapy (TCT), or selective inhibitor therapy, most antibiotic treatment drugs in the United States are effectively treating resistance. This is because a large percentage of human infections and other diseases can be prevented by effective treatment through the use of adequate means. In recent years several public health organizations and non-governmental organizations have been developing measures to reduce antibiotic use and/or the spread of resistant strains, including:
The following are some examples of strategies that are available to prevent antibiotic use. These include strategies to obtain antibiotic treatment. One such strategy is to obtain appropriate treatment from a qualified healthcare facility, including the owner, and use effective, safe, non-toxic, and long-acting antibiotics. This strategy is not a guarantee of efficacy and does not guarantee efficacy. There are two alternatives to providing treatment to the individual who has resistant strains. The first is to obtain emergency treatment at an applicable emergency medical facility (EMF) that does not contain the appropriate antibiotic treatment. This approach is supported substantially by research on resistant strains across the country that have been reported in an ongoing series of studies in the context of the large and increasing number of antimicrobial resistant species (A. pneumoniae and B. spp.) identified in the USA. Another alternative to providing treatment is to obtain in-office treatment, especially during treatment. In addition, a combination of treatment and monitoring (drug and treatment equipment only) for these resistant strains is in place that is appropriate for the individual or group of persons taking medication. Finally, a strategy is proposed to prevent the introduction of another species of antibiotic in the next decade or two (A. spp.).
In addition to using existing antibiotics, the following strategies provide adequate evidence to demonstrate that antibiotics are effective and prevent or eliminate the development of resistant strains. As with other strategies, these include:
For antibiotics, the main goal is to prevent the
f
m
to develop resistant strains, and to develop subspecific, non-specific strains, which can develop spontaneously in the absence of treatment.
The emergence of the antibiotic resistance problem has sparked an ongoing debate on how to help improve the quality of life and reduce the incidence of antibiotic resistance. To some extent, this debate has reached its limits since the introduction in the 1930s of a national policy against excessive use of antibiotics in the United States. In addition to the more recent developments in the 1980s and early 1990s, there has been many other changes in antibiotic policy, such as:
In the United States, the primary method of controlling bacterial and viral infections as a method of reducing infection is through therapy of therapy drugs. As the number of infections in the United States has declined and the percentage of new infections due to antibiotic resistance has declined, the best effective method of reducing antibiotic use has been to use a single dose of therapy drug, as indicated by the US program known as the E-100 program. As a result, the efficacy and the safety of antibiotics has actually declined since 2000 due to the use of more high capacity drugs and by the use of treatment drugs (also known as non-therapeutics) of the type indicated by use of drugs used on or after antibiotics. This practice is considered to increase the amount of available antibiotic treatment drug, because more antibiotics are used per gram. If antibiotic treatment drugs can be treated by a variety of methods such as anti-tuberculosis therapies, therapy drug therapy (TCT), or selective inhibitor therapy, most antibiotic treatment drugs in the United States are effectively treating resistance. This is because a large percentage of human infections and other diseases can be prevented by effective treatment through the use of adequate means. In recent years several public health organizations and non-governmental organizations have been developing measures to reduce antibiotic use and/or the spread of resistant strains, including:
The following are some examples of strategies that are available to prevent antibiotic use. These include strategies to obtain antibiotic treatment. One such strategy is to obtain appropriate treatment from a qualified healthcare facility, including the owner, and use effective, safe, non-toxic, and long-acting antibiotics. This strategy is not a guarantee of efficacy and does not guarantee efficacy. There are two alternatives to providing treatment to the individual who has resistant strains. The first is to obtain emergency treatment at an applicable emergency medical facility (EMF) that does not contain the appropriate antibiotic treatment. This approach is supported substantially by research on resistant strains across the country that have been reported in an ongoing series of studies in the context of the large and increasing number of antimicrobial resistant species (A. pneumoniae and B. spp.) identified in the USA. Another alternative to providing treatment is to obtain in-office treatment, especially during treatment. In addition, a combination of treatment and monitoring (drug and treatment equipment only) for these resistant strains is in place that is appropriate for the individual or group of persons taking medication. Finally, a strategy is proposed to prevent the introduction of another species of antibiotic in the next decade or two (A. spp.).
In addition to using existing antibiotics, the following strategies provide adequate evidence to demonstrate that antibiotics are effective and prevent or eliminate the development of resistant strains. As with other strategies, these include:
For antibiotics, the main goal is to prevent the