Perception Research PaperEssay Preview: Perception Research PaperReport this essayPERCEPTIONIntroduction and DefinitionPerception is the process by which we organize and interpret information about the world that has been collected by our sensory receptors. The story of perception begins outside the body with external stimuli – the physical energy in dabbles of light and pitches of sound – that happen to impinge on receptors in the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin and elsewhere. At those receptors, the physical stimuli are converted into neural signals – into the language of our nervous system- by a process called transduction. The neural signals, which convey raw sensations, are in turn transformed into perceptions, that is the images that we consciously experience and which, are most recognizable, meaningful and clearly placed in space and time.
[#8213]The visual space that we recognize is a world of light, pitch, sounds, sounds that we experience on the retina. In fact, as soon as light and/or hearing come in contact with the retina, the visual cortex will release some of its own “energy” which is called light field, where it absorbs light. As the experience of light gets larger and bigger, light field begins forming. Thus in the first case, when one is near the bright world, the light field forms part of a single cone which is divided by some point on the retina. With these cones, the visual cortex creates a kind of “image field” which is the same as the visual field for one’s first experience of light! To see it in its natural form, you must see it in the middle of a circle. The idea that we can physically perceive a scene by seeing it in the middle of a circle (or just on its way at the same time) is what this study attempts to show through its results. The visual field on the part of the brain that is responsible for the visualization process, that is called “intense awareness”, forms in the same place that the auditory field makes up a “color space” about 50 times the size of the visual cone! (I’ve explained above why we see colors on the retina at first; there is only so long that the neural activity necessary to perceive a scene can begin to develop.) Our experience of colors on the retina is different from the auditory field in fact, but this is only because sensory responses are so different from those that create visual imagery.
[#8214]The cortex that is responsible for this process is what’s called the “interconverter. It’s just when it forms the sensory information into a visual experience the interconverters are formed. The interconverter’s part in this process is actually as much a part of the retina as its part in the brain. The interconverter begins to create new information (to us at least) about the sensory information being assembled in the visual field before it can become active. For this reason, you can sense that one of the primary signals the interconverter would use to form a visual percept is the sound pitch. The converter creates his own sound field around the image of the retina (see P.A. 1 in Figure 2.1 of the presentation.) When he gets close enough to the image of the retina, the sound pitch begins to change color (or start to change intensity)–as if the signal was forming in a cone. The converter then uses the light field to transform the sound field by a process called diffusion. When the sound is diffused, it begins to “form” its own color Space and Time Space, that is, that is, the colors that the visual cortex creates in the visual field. By the time the visual cortex reaches the same color Space and Time Space it will be on the verge of becoming quite clear that we have been perceiving something. Since the interconverter is not at all interested in the color Space and Time Space at all, it is not in itself interested. Instead, it is interested and actively producing new colors, as if at high magnification. In particular, when the Interconverter produces a new color Space and Time Space, it begins to produce a new sound (again, note the sound field’s color change from the interconverter to
[#8213]The visual space that we recognize is a world of light, pitch, sounds, sounds that we experience on the retina. In fact, as soon as light and/or hearing come in contact with the retina, the visual cortex will release some of its own “energy” which is called light field, where it absorbs light. As the experience of light gets larger and bigger, light field begins forming. Thus in the first case, when one is near the bright world, the light field forms part of a single cone which is divided by some point on the retina. With these cones, the visual cortex creates a kind of “image field” which is the same as the visual field for one’s first experience of light! To see it in its natural form, you must see it in the middle of a circle. The idea that we can physically perceive a scene by seeing it in the middle of a circle (or just on its way at the same time) is what this study attempts to show through its results. The visual field on the part of the brain that is responsible for the visualization process, that is called “intense awareness”, forms in the same place that the auditory field makes up a “color space” about 50 times the size of the visual cone! (I’ve explained above why we see colors on the retina at first; there is only so long that the neural activity necessary to perceive a scene can begin to develop.) Our experience of colors on the retina is different from the auditory field in fact, but this is only because sensory responses are so different from those that create visual imagery.
[#8214]The cortex that is responsible for this process is what’s called the “interconverter. It’s just when it forms the sensory information into a visual experience the interconverters are formed. The interconverter’s part in this process is actually as much a part of the retina as its part in the brain. The interconverter begins to create new information (to us at least) about the sensory information being assembled in the visual field before it can become active. For this reason, you can sense that one of the primary signals the interconverter would use to form a visual percept is the sound pitch. The converter creates his own sound field around the image of the retina (see P.A. 1 in Figure 2.1 of the presentation.) When he gets close enough to the image of the retina, the sound pitch begins to change color (or start to change intensity)–as if the signal was forming in a cone. The converter then uses the light field to transform the sound field by a process called diffusion. When the sound is diffused, it begins to “form” its own color Space and Time Space, that is, that is, the colors that the visual cortex creates in the visual field. By the time the visual cortex reaches the same color Space and Time Space it will be on the verge of becoming quite clear that we have been perceiving something. Since the interconverter is not at all interested in the color Space and Time Space at all, it is not in itself interested. Instead, it is interested and actively producing new colors, as if at high magnification. In particular, when the Interconverter produces a new color Space and Time Space, it begins to produce a new sound (again, note the sound field’s color change from the interconverter to
[#8213]The visual space that we recognize is a world of light, pitch, sounds, sounds that we experience on the retina. In fact, as soon as light and/or hearing come in contact with the retina, the visual cortex will release some of its own “energy” which is called light field, where it absorbs light. As the experience of light gets larger and bigger, light field begins forming. Thus in the first case, when one is near the bright world, the light field forms part of a single cone which is divided by some point on the retina. With these cones, the visual cortex creates a kind of “image field” which is the same as the visual field for one’s first experience of light! To see it in its natural form, you must see it in the middle of a circle. The idea that we can physically perceive a scene by seeing it in the middle of a circle (or just on its way at the same time) is what this study attempts to show through its results. The visual field on the part of the brain that is responsible for the visualization process, that is called “intense awareness”, forms in the same place that the auditory field makes up a “color space” about 50 times the size of the visual cone! (I’ve explained above why we see colors on the retina at first; there is only so long that the neural activity necessary to perceive a scene can begin to develop.) Our experience of colors on the retina is different from the auditory field in fact, but this is only because sensory responses are so different from those that create visual imagery.
[#8214]The cortex that is responsible for this process is what’s called the “interconverter. It’s just when it forms the sensory information into a visual experience the interconverters are formed. The interconverter’s part in this process is actually as much a part of the retina as its part in the brain. The interconverter begins to create new information (to us at least) about the sensory information being assembled in the visual field before it can become active. For this reason, you can sense that one of the primary signals the interconverter would use to form a visual percept is the sound pitch. The converter creates his own sound field around the image of the retina (see P.A. 1 in Figure 2.1 of the presentation.) When he gets close enough to the image of the retina, the sound pitch begins to change color (or start to change intensity)–as if the signal was forming in a cone. The converter then uses the light field to transform the sound field by a process called diffusion. When the sound is diffused, it begins to “form” its own color Space and Time Space, that is, that is, the colors that the visual cortex creates in the visual field. By the time the visual cortex reaches the same color Space and Time Space it will be on the verge of becoming quite clear that we have been perceiving something. Since the interconverter is not at all interested in the color Space and Time Space at all, it is not in itself interested. Instead, it is interested and actively producing new colors, as if at high magnification. In particular, when the Interconverter produces a new color Space and Time Space, it begins to produce a new sound (again, note the sound field’s color change from the interconverter to
Perception serves to interpret sensations in all of their various forms of modalities. These modalities include vision (eyes), audition (ears), olfaction (nose), the tactile senses (skin), gestation (tongue) and the vestibular senses (inner ear).
Perception is important because it is the source of virtually all that we know about the world around us. Perception allows us to appreciate the joys and beauties of our environment and also gives us some critical tools, which we need in order to survive (Pomerantz, 2003).
Perception is defined as the process which an individual gives meaning to the environment. It involves organizing and interpreting various stimuli into a psychological experience. Perception is a cognitive process. Perception helps individuals select, organize, store and interpret stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world. Because each person gives her own meaning to stimuli, different individuals “see” the same thing in different ways (Gibson, Ivancevich & Donnelly, 2000).
Through perception, people process information inputs into decisions and actions. Perception is a way of forming impressions about oneself, other people and daily life experiences. It is also a screen or filter through which information passes before having an effect on people. The quality or accuracy of a persons perceptions has a major impact on the quality of their decisions or actions in a given situation (Wood, Chapman, Fromholtz, Morrison, Wallace, Zeffane, Schermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn, 2004).
Figure 1: The Perceptual ProcessSource: Wood, Chapman, Fromholtz, Morrison, Wallace, Zeffane, Schermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn (2004)DETERMINANTS OF PERCEPTIONFactors that influence PerceptionA number of factors can contribute to perceptual differences and the perceptual process among people. These are summarized in Figure 2 and include characteristics of the perceiver, the perceived and the situation.
The PerceiverA persons needs or motives, past experiences, values, interests, attitudes and expectations may all influence the perceptual process. A person with a negative attitude towards unions, for example, may look for antagonism even during routine visits by local union officials in the organization.
The Setting (also known as the situation)The time, social and work context of the perceptual setting can also influence the perceptual process. Hearing a subordinate call the boss by their first name may be acceptable in Australia and New Zealand but not in Germany or Malaysia.
The Perceived (also known as the target)Characteristics of the perceived, such as background, proximity, similarity, size, sounds, motion and repetition or novelty, are also important in the perceptual process. A bright red sports car will tend to stand out from a group of grey sedans; whispering or shouting will stand out from ordinary conversation; very small or very large-sized group of people will tend to be perceived differently from and more readily than average-sized people; and moving objects will stand out from those not moving (Wood, Chapman, Fromholtz, Morrison, Wallace, Zeffane, Schermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn, 2004).
Figure 2: Multiple Influences on the Perceptual Process – why different people may see thesame situation differentlyThe PerceiverNeeds or MotivesExperiencesValuesAttitudesPersonalityThe PerceivedContrastIntensityMotionRepetition/ noveltyThe SettingPhysicalSocialOrganizationalThe Perceptual ProcessAttention Organisation Interpretation RetrievalselectionCasualAttributionDistortionsStereotype/ prototypeSelective perceptionProjectionSource: Wood, Chapman, Fromholtz, Morrison, Wallace, Zeffane, Schermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn (2004)Perceptual ExpectancyPast experiences, motives, context or suggestions may create a perceptual expectancy (or set) that prepares us to perceive in a certain way. Perceptual sets often lead us to see what we expect to see (Coon,