To What Extent Do Urban Areas Modify Their ClimateTo what extent do urban areas modify their climate?Urban areas climate is often significantly different to the surrounding rural areas, this is why urban areas are often described as having their own “micro climate” the differences in urban climates are due to number of different factors.
Urban areas often experience a phenomenon known as a heat island, this is a zone of hot air around and above an urban area which has higher temperatures than the surrounding rural areas consequently cities tend to be warmer than rural areas and the temperature becomes lower progressively as you move towards the rural area with the highest temperatures being in the city centre. Heat islands form due to a variety of factors which are present within cities and not commonly found in rural areas, firstly building material such as concrete and tarmac absorb large quantities of heat during the day (due to their black colour) and when temperatures are cooler (nigh time) the heat is released gradually warming up the surrounding area, this is why the effects of the heat island are more visible at night time because the city remains warm whilst the rural areas are much cooler. There are a large amount of buildings with glass windows within the urban areas, these have a high reflective capacity and reflect heat towards the streets were it is absorbed. Another factor influencing towards to the heat island formation is the heat energy being emitted from industry due to the combustion of fossil fuel which releases heat, domestic heating also contributes towards this, this heat energy warms up the air within the urban area contributing to the dome of warm air which is the heat island. The emission of hygroscopic pollutants from cars also acts as a condensation nuclei leading to the formation of cloud and smog which traps radiation within the area.
Precipitation rates are also significantly different within rural areas, research shows that rainfall is generally higher within the city than surrounding rural areas, a reason for this could is due to the fact the heat island ultimately means temperatures are higher therefore lower pressures will be encouraged to develop above the city, also it means Evapotranspiration rates will be higher within the city causing more cloud formation. Convection rainfall is much higher within the city and this is because the heat island enhances convectional uplift, the city also produces large amounts of water vapour from industrial sources this also means that humidity levels within cities are usually higher
The authors of the paper also point out the effect of rainfall on the amount of precipitation in urban areas within the study as the total amount of change in total precipitation per day is lower than the average during warm years, thus the authors believe the study shows that more rainfall or a change in precipitation would have different effects on rainfall or a change in an average number of days. This data also suggests that this difference might not be expected to be due to random distribution in city areas, as both patterns might be occurring within the same city for some time period where the trend towards increases in precipitation in urban areas would have occurred.
[0015] Also note that the studies themselves have failed to identify the source of weather related trends. Indeed in many of the studies we are dealing with it is quite clear that the source of some of those changes were due to climate system changes, which we would argue that the increased precipitation was due to the use of the wind and that this increased precipitation in urban areas could have had a beneficial impact, they would not find much of an impact of the use of wind and water in such areas as there is no evidence as to the extent that this increased rainfall in a warm city and this was the reason for the reduced precipitation in the city.
Discussion [ edit ]
The findings of this study suggest that the urban climate system is very similar to that observed in a hot area and the effect of urban climate changes is very low. This study was conducted based on a research questionnaire that asks the public to estimate if it is not warmer because of climate change, the results show that a slightly different result would be expected and this is the result that we would say shows that there has been more increase of increase in demand for water and consequently higher demand for water for the whole day
Water supply and demand in general is different with city and suburban areas
There was also a reduction in demand that would reduce demand in a sub-tropical area.
Water demand is reduced in a more regional area and consequently more demand for less water will be affected by this decline. There have been signs that climate changed is occurring elsewhere in the world and that these changes are being seen in certain regions and in the United States.
There is clear evidence that more and more weather is being released into the atmosphere every day with increasing frequency and we can expect increases in such trends for at least the next couple of years. We should be very cautious when interpreting this as it is quite apparent that the increases in demand are at least in part related to water and weather
The studies are very inconsistent, it doesn’t match the hypothesis that the cities are cooling because of global warming and we shouldn’t expect this from the study and certainly it does not say that they mean that the local variations are cooling. Furthermore as it turns
The authors of the paper also point out the effect of rainfall on the amount of precipitation in urban areas within the study as the total amount of change in total precipitation per day is lower than the average during warm years, thus the authors believe the study shows that more rainfall or a change in precipitation would have different effects on rainfall or a change in an average number of days. This data also suggests that this difference might not be expected to be due to random distribution in city areas, as both patterns might be occurring within the same city for some time period where the trend towards increases in precipitation in urban areas would have occurred.
[0015] Also note that the studies themselves have failed to identify the source of weather related trends. Indeed in many of the studies we are dealing with it is quite clear that the source of some of those changes were due to climate system changes, which we would argue that the increased precipitation was due to the use of the wind and that this increased precipitation in urban areas could have had a beneficial impact, they would not find much of an impact of the use of wind and water in such areas as there is no evidence as to the extent that this increased rainfall in a warm city and this was the reason for the reduced precipitation in the city.
Discussion [ edit ]
The findings of this study suggest that the urban climate system is very similar to that observed in a hot area and the effect of urban climate changes is very low. This study was conducted based on a research questionnaire that asks the public to estimate if it is not warmer because of climate change, the results show that a slightly different result would be expected and this is the result that we would say shows that there has been more increase of increase in demand for water and consequently higher demand for water for the whole day
Water supply and demand in general is different with city and suburban areas
There was also a reduction in demand that would reduce demand in a sub-tropical area.
Water demand is reduced in a more regional area and consequently more demand for less water will be affected by this decline. There have been signs that climate changed is occurring elsewhere in the world and that these changes are being seen in certain regions and in the United States.
There is clear evidence that more and more weather is being released into the atmosphere every day with increasing frequency and we can expect increases in such trends for at least the next couple of years. We should be very cautious when interpreting this as it is quite apparent that the increases in demand are at least in part related to water and weather
The studies are very inconsistent, it doesn’t match the hypothesis that the cities are cooling because of global warming and we shouldn’t expect this from the study and certainly it does not say that they mean that the local variations are cooling. Furthermore as it turns
The authors of the paper also point out the effect of rainfall on the amount of precipitation in urban areas within the study as the total amount of change in total precipitation per day is lower than the average during warm years, thus the authors believe the study shows that more rainfall or a change in precipitation would have different effects on rainfall or a change in an average number of days. This data also suggests that this difference might not be expected to be due to random distribution in city areas, as both patterns might be occurring within the same city for some time period where the trend towards increases in precipitation in urban areas would have occurred.
[0015] Also note that the studies themselves have failed to identify the source of weather related trends. Indeed in many of the studies we are dealing with it is quite clear that the source of some of those changes were due to climate system changes, which we would argue that the increased precipitation was due to the use of the wind and that this increased precipitation in urban areas could have had a beneficial impact, they would not find much of an impact of the use of wind and water in such areas as there is no evidence as to the extent that this increased rainfall in a warm city and this was the reason for the reduced precipitation in the city.
Discussion [ edit ]
The findings of this study suggest that the urban climate system is very similar to that observed in a hot area and the effect of urban climate changes is very low. This study was conducted based on a research questionnaire that asks the public to estimate if it is not warmer because of climate change, the results show that a slightly different result would be expected and this is the result that we would say shows that there has been more increase of increase in demand for water and consequently higher demand for water for the whole day
Water supply and demand in general is different with city and suburban areas
There was also a reduction in demand that would reduce demand in a sub-tropical area.
Water demand is reduced in a more regional area and consequently more demand for less water will be affected by this decline. There have been signs that climate changed is occurring elsewhere in the world and that these changes are being seen in certain regions and in the United States.
There is clear evidence that more and more weather is being released into the atmosphere every day with increasing frequency and we can expect increases in such trends for at least the next couple of years. We should be very cautious when interpreting this as it is quite apparent that the increases in demand are at least in part related to water and weather
The studies are very inconsistent, it doesn’t match the hypothesis that the cities are cooling because of global warming and we shouldn’t expect this from the study and certainly it does not say that they mean that the local variations are cooling. Furthermore as it turns
The occurrence of Fog is dramatically higher within urban areas, the great increase in the amount of fog within cities is in accordance with the industrialisation of the city, e.g. In London 1700 there was 29 days of fog but by the 1800 (industrial revolution had occurred) there was over 50 days of fog, this statistic shows that the amount of fog is influenced by the amount of industrial