MonctonEssay Preview: MonctonReport this essayMoncton is a Canadian city in Westmorland County, New Brunswick.The city is situated in southeastern New Brunswick, in the Petitcodiac River valley about 55 km (34 mi) from the Nova Scotia border, at the geographic center of the Maritime Provinces. The community has the nickname “Hub City” because of its central location and also because Moncton has historically been the railway and land transportation hub for the Maritime Provinces.[6]
European settlement began in 1733 when Acadian farmers arrived after migrating up the Petitcodiac River from the Bay of Fundy. The region was captured by the English in 1755 and the Acadian inhabitants were subsequently deported. The official founding of the community was in 1766, with the arrival of Pennsylvania “Deutsch” settlers sponsored by the Philadelphia Land Company. The settlement was initially agricultural but by the mid 1800s, a wooden shipbuilding industry flourished. The shipbuilding economy collapsed in the 1860s but was quickly replaced by the railway industry when, in 1871, the Intercolonial Railway of Canada chose Moncton to be their headquarters. Moncton would then remain a railroad town for well over a century.
The Acadian settlement was originally an open-air community of four, three, and two-story blocks on Maplewood at 775 North Mapleway Blvd.
Located just off Lake Ontario, this residential community was designed for children of the mid-1800s. There were a variety of handicapped or handicapped areas and many areas were reserved for children aged 3 for preschool, preschool & high school. The buildings were in the middle of a city of about 5,500 on a low density residential lot.
Historically, the entire district consisted of a small house, two large cottages, an 18-story family home in the back row and a cottage on the large south front with a porch and two large bakers.
On some of the blocks, there were four family homes in all, a small garage, and a garage to use for personal and small business uses. The house-to-house service was in place in all but a few homes, so the house was the ultimate residence, but the garage could be used as a spare bedroom in a living room and bathroom. In some cases, the storage were kept separate from the building. It was customary, in the late 1700’s it was common place in the house and on the upper level in the laundry room. However, since the 1700s, there were more than ten generations of families living on board of the railcar, working in the freight and shipping industries. This practice ceased in 1848 with the arrival of several steam locomotive manufacturers. This era of railroad work in Acadia is remembered by many for what it did: it provided the industry with a large base of industrial talent to expand and establish a manufacturing class that was also well served by railroad work in the city.
As recently as 2002, the state of Delaware began permitting a community of up to 200 people in the town for a variety of personal and business uses (including a house, laundry, garage and a car repair shop), and it began growing with more and more families going to live on board, on board trains, on board buses and in the back of a motorcade. The community expanded to have a full-fledged medical facility and also expanded to its own private residences on city land. The land was sold back to the state in 2007 as part of the sale of its property. The town had a few small houses at home, but none were used as homes. Each homeowner who bought the property was guaranteed the right to use the home for their own use. The town’s historic properties as well as the property’s railroad station had a significant part to play in its growth, and the local association of residents organized the Town Meeting, and the town took over the land transfer (Housing Sales & Lease).
The Delaware State Police Department (DPS) was the largest law enforcement agency in North America during the 1940s and 1950s. The agency, which was formed in 1942, began its first operations in 1933. A portion of its assets in the 1940s were acquired by a group called Law Enforcement Service Company. The organization also made use of a number of government agencies, including the Department of Justice, Department of Finance, Department of State, Department of Education, Department of National Guard, Department of the Interior, Department of Energy, Department of Homeland Security, Department of Veterans Affairs, the Transportation Department, State Highway Administration, the United States Customs and Border Protection, the Secret Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, and other federal agencies. Each agency controlled the use of its own facilities, all of which were owned and operated by the law enforcement officials within it. They were called, “The Police Officers.”
Prior to the 1940s, a few public bodies and businesses operated independently, including the Delaware State Police, Delaware Hospital, and the University of Delaware. However, the state of Delaware began being recognized as a national authority by the United States Trade Representative. During World War II, the DFS became a key player in many state law enforcement matters, including the National Security Act Amendments Act of 1947 (now known as the Patriot Act), which required federal agencies to give up their ability to seize and/or detain individuals in the name of national security. The act would end this program by prohibiting any such agency operating under federal or state law from violating the National Security Act even if their actions are in the national interest, including a public safety order (notification) and the collection of money and personnel. In 1957, the DFS was transferred to the University of Delaware as the new national security law authorities. During the 1970s, the new DFS was brought on board to oversee this program as well. In 1979, The University of Delaware introduced federal legislation to make the DFS more consistent and enforceable. Today, the department is the de facto head of governmental agencies and other law enforcement agencies in North America.
Historically the Delaware State Police consisted of two major agencies. In 1940, the first was the Delaware State Police, which operated and operated a criminal justice and judicial system. In the 1950s, the first officer in the Delaware State Police was Thomas L. Haldeman, and they continued to operate in the 1950s. In the 1960s, Haldeman was the current DFS commissioner. Haldeman has served in many high leadership roles including being a lieutenant general. However, his position as commissioner to the Delaware State Police and Delaware National Guard did not prevent him from running for office in 1952. In 1979, Haldeman resigned in protest after the state police terminated his federal position during the Watergate investigation.[12] Since then, the state police have been under renewed leadership, which was announced during the National Guardsman Day Parade in 1972.
While the majority of the state police were made up of local police, most officers still serve as civilian police.
The Delaware State Police received federal funding in the 1960s during the Civil Rights Amendments Act of 1964, which opened the way for the use of state and local law enforcement programs.[12] During the 1960s, the DFS received federal funding from the Marshall Fund for Public and Correctional Services (MFDCS), and funds for the National Guard. In 1966, the state began expanding its local laws and police resources, including the Delaware State Police, by providing law enforcement personnel with federal civil rights training. With that in mind, the state was prepared to establish civil rights officers in place of state officers that already were being trained. Delaware Gov. Earl M. O’Rourke signed the Civil Rights Transition Act of 1966, which
enacts the Equal Right to Know Act, which enacts a statute that gives law enforcement personnel the authority to compel any law enforcement official to provide information, which are required by law to be included in “document filed in a confidential and privileged legal report for national security purposes”. The DFS established criminal courts to prosecute law violators in the following civil court cases: D.C. Code §13-11a–6; F.B.R. (1973), §2-40c–1–12.
The state also launched its first training department and police commissioner, named the Delaware Department of Public Security, in 1960. In 1963, the state created the National Criminal Information System, or NICS, which was administered by the state. The NICS established a legal system for the purposes of civil and criminal law investigations, including civil and criminal rights law, but also involved administrative law, civil forfeiture, and criminal investigation, a system that required the Department of Administrative and Judicial Services to review a case file from a specific office. As new law enforcement agencies were created, the office was expanded to include law enforcement personnel, by signing legislation with the Delaware Governor’s Office. The DFS created a police force, “The Delaware Police Training Center”, to provide law enforcement departments with training in criminal laws. After the adoption of the Civil Rights Transition Act of 1966, the state began issuing law-enforcement personnel training, and the Delaware State Police began training new law enforcement agencies. After 1965, the state transitioned from serving the public to serving law enforcement services, providing training in criminal law, and making changes to the procedures. The Delaware State Police began serving the public in 1967, with the enactment of the Delaware Criminal Justice Act, and began training law enforcement agencies across the state.
The next three decades saw the emergence of the civil rights movement, as well as the emergence of state institutions as law enforcement agencies, including the Delaware State Police Department and the New York State Patrol. In these years, the Delaware State Police adopted a number of actions to increase recruitment of law enforcement with federal funding. By 1977, law enforcement personnel began to recruit state troopers under the guise that they were not state officers and would be given the power to determine when a person was suspected of criminal conduct by law enforcement personnel. In 1980, the Delaware State Police started accepting federal funds as a security deposit and began providing law enforcement staffing to help maintain law enforcement personnel. In 1982, the state began accepting all state funds under the federal NICS, including funds for the Delaware State Police Police, as a counterbalance to what the Supreme Court has ruled to be an unconstitutional intrusion to the privacy of citizens. Prior to the advent of federal funding in law enforcement, the Delaware State Police would receive only one state appropriation.
The state began transferring law enforcement resources after the 1964 civil rebellion and by 1967 they saw the potential of their new position under the NICS. As federal funds were withdrawn in 1967, the Delaware State Police began using federal money in order to continue
How the Acadian Settlement Works Now
Moncton was first incorporated in 1855 and was named after Lt. Col. Robert Monckton, the British military commander who had captured nearby Fort BeausД©jour in 1755 and who had later been given responsibility for overseeing the Acadian deportation.[6] The collapse of the shipbuilding industry caused the town to lose its civic charter in 1862 but the community was able to survive and to reincorporate in 1875 on the strength of the developing railway industry; as a result, it adopted the motto Resurgo.
Although Moncton was traumatized twice, by the collapse of the shipbuilding industry in the 1860s and by the closure of the CNR locomotive shops in the 1980s, the citys economy was able to rebound strongly on both occasions. At present, the citys economy is stable and diversified. Monctons economy is based on its transportation, distribution, retailing and commercial heritage, but is also supplemented by strength in the educational, health care, financial and insurance sectors. The strength of the economy has received national recognition and the local unemployment rate is consistently less than the national average.
The Moncton Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) is one of the top ten fastest growing metropolitan areas in Canada and is also the fastest growing urban region east of Toronto. The CMA includes the neighbouring city of Dieppe and the town of Riverview, as well as adjacent areas of Westmorland and Albert counties.[7]
Moncton has a CMA population of 126,424,[4] which makes Moncton the most populous metropolitan area in New Brunswick, and also makes it the second largest CMA in the Maritime Provinces, after Halifax.[8]
The municipal coat of arms illustrates Monctons agricultural, industrial and railway heritages, along with the Petitcodiac Rivers tidal bore.[9]Moncton lies in southeastern New Brunswick, at the geographic centre of the Maritime Provinces and is located along the north bank of the Petitcodiac River at a point where the river bends from a westÐ-east flow to a northÐ-south direction.
Aerial photo of Metro Moncton showing “the Bend”The sharp bend of the Petitcodiac River at Moncton has strongly influenced the names given to the community by the various succeeding inhabitants living in the area.
Petitcodiac in the Mikmaq language has been translated as meaning “bends like a bow”. The early Acadian settlers in the region named their community Le Coude which means “the elbow”.[6] Subsequent English immigrants changed the name of the settlement to The Bend of the Petitcodiac.
Moncton lies at the original head of navigation on the Petitcodiac River, however a causeway to Riverview, constructed in 1968, resulted in extensive infilling by sedimentation of the river channel downstream. Because of this, the river in the Moncton area is no longer navigable.[6]
The Petitcodiac river valley at Moncton (50 kilometres inland) is broad and relatively flat, bounded by a long ridge to the north (Lutes Mountain) and by the rugged Caledonia Highlands to the south.
[edit] ClimateDespite being less than 50 km (31 mi) from the Bay of Fundy and less than 30 km (19 mi) from the Northumberland Strait, the climate can seem more continental than maritime during the summer and winter seasons, whereas maritime influences tend to temper the transitional seasons of spring and autumn.[10]
Moncton skyline in the summerWinter days are cold but generally sunny with solar radiation generating some warmth. Daytime high temperatures usually range just below the freezing point. Several cold snaps usually occur each winter when temperatures can fall to between -15 ÐoC (5 ÐoF) and -25 ÐoC (-13 ÐoF). Similarly, there are usually one or two “January thaws” each year when considerable snow melt can occur. Major snowfalls can result from noreaster ocean storms moving up the east coast of North America, following the jet stream from the southeastern United States.[11] Large amounts of precipitation can result from the counterclockwise rotation of these storms picking up moisture from the Atlantic Ocean and dumping it on southeastern New Brunswick as the storms pass by to the south and east of the region.[11] This can be amplified locally by “sea effect” snow squall activity due to northeasterly winds passing over the nearby Gulf of St. Lawrence on the trailing edge of the storm. In February 1992, a norEaster lasted for two days and dropped 162 cm (65 inches) of snow on the Moncton area, paralyzing the city for nearly a week. Major snowfalls more typically average 20Ð-30 cm (8Ð-12 in) and are frequently mixed with rain or freezing rain.
Autumn in MonctonSpring is frequently delayed because the sea ice that forms in the nearby Gulf of St. Lawrence during the previous winter requires time to melt and this cools the prevailing onshore winds. The ice burden in the gulf however has diminished considerably over the course of the last decade, which may be a consequence of global warming.[12] The springtime cooling effect has subsequently weakened. Daytime temperatures above freezing are typical by mid March. Occasional snowfalls in late April and early May can happen however and trees are not usually in full leaf until the end of May.[13]
Summers