Industrial and Organizational PsychologyIndustrial/Organizational PaperPSY/435Industrial/Organizational PaperIndustrial and organizational psychology is a science that examines the human and nonhuman behavior, emotion, cognition, and motivation. This paper will describe the evolution of the field, explain why it should be a science, explain how descriptive and inferential statistics are used, and discuss how I/O psychology has influenced organizations.
Evolution of Industrial/Organizational PsychologyIndustrial/Organizational psychology came about in the early 1800s. Hugo Munsterberg and Walter Dill Scoot were pioneers in the field of I/O psychology. They were experimental psychologists who were concerned with workers choice and psychological tests. Another contributor in industrial and organizational psychology was Frederick W, Taylor. Taylor developed “scientific management”, which was focused toward assembly workers. He developed criteria that aided in the hiring of employees who would help with productivity. The husband and wife team of Lillian and Frank Gilbreth combined the fields of engineering and psychology and developed the “time and motion study”. The study measured and timed individual motion when doing tasks to develop ways of working that were more efficient (Spector, 2012). Industrial and organizational psychology was heightened because of both World Wars. Psychologists began to deal with the problems that spanned both the industrial and organizational aspects of work. According to Kanfer (2005), the first to use large-scale psychological testing to place people in the proper jobs was the Army. Led by Robert Yerkes, a group of psychologist developed the Army Alpha and Army Beta group test that looked at mental ability. This led to an efficient way of placing new recruits in positions that best suited them. This was the first large-scale psychological tests that provided the foundation for tests like the SAT (Spector, 2012).
Industrial/Organizational Psychology as a ScienceAccording to Spector (2012), industrial and organizational psychology is defined as the applied field connected with the application and development of scientific principles in work environments. The aim of industrial/organizational psychology is to improve the employee work environment while increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the employee behavior in his or her environment (Barnes-Holmes, Stewart, Barnes-Holmes, Hayes, & Bond, 2006). Industrial occupational psychology refers to the study psychological issues like behavior, cognition, emotion, and motivation as it relates to the problems of individuals in organizations. Industrial psychology is concerned with the management aspect of the organizational
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Industrial psychological theories are developed as an analysis of the problem of human behavior, from the social psychology to the psychological theories pertaining to the management of social roles. Industrial theory, like other psychological theories developed by the industrial society, attempts to improve the behavior of individuals in a variety of settings. When applied to a variety of contexts the studies can be applied to different situations. Industrial psychology (sometimes called industrial sociology) examines individual and group processes in human behavior, by identifying group members and their behavior. Industrial sociology (I. D., M., A., A., & D. E., 1990) has described processes that are based on a general agreement of individual and group behavior, and those that are based on a specific range of the factors and relationships that each individual might have in common. These studies are intended to make generalizations to the broad range of processes that are developed by industrial society. In particular, the research conducted and conducted on industrial and organizational psychology have in an attempt to understand the factors, relationships and trends that lead to behavior. This research, however, is only a sample of a broader literature, for the vast majority of research regarding individual differences and individual groups that are often explored in social psychology.
Industrial Psychology studies have a wide range of conclusions pertaining to the human behavior that occurs among workers in industrial settings. There are many ways that this behavior can occur. The effects of repetitive work practices, especially those involving small group meetings or on their interaction with supervisors, can result in a decrease in working productivity, such as by reducing efficiency due to fewer hours for workers in less productive roles (Barnes-Holmes, Stewart, &). Another possible reason for the reduced work time is that some workers are more efficient by changing jobs that don’t require as much time as they would at other levels such as office work. An effective industrial study will be one that can address whether this behavior in the field or workplace can promote a positive effect of work in the workplace. The methods of industrial psychology that have been developed may help to reduce the incidence of repetitive practices in the workplace. Industrial psychology also serves as a basis for research about the human behaviors that happen in the workplace and the effects of repetitive working for the different levels of workers employed in the industry (Ting, F. & R. W., 1977a).
Environmental Psychology The study of human behavior and behavior characteristics that are found in the natural environment can also be applied to understanding the effects of environmental conditions. We found that environmental conditions can exert effects on social behavior, although environmental conditions also may influence other behavioral processes. Environmental conditions (e.g., wind, rain, and storms) are often seen to change from seasonal to seasonal, such that the observed changes have no real or apparent effect on the behavior change that occurs within a given time frame. For example, environmental conditions in warm climates may have a marked effect on behavior, such that changes in temperatures and seasons may slow or even slow behavior (Gurleth, K., & R. R., 1968). Although the biological basis of changes in environmental conditions is not fully understood, it is recognized that changes in external temperature or seasons, or in
s, can interact in a manner that is unique to that of environmental conditions. In particular, changes in internal moisture (i.e., evapotranspiration, heat loss, etc.) and heat capacity may have a pronounced effect on behavior, which may result in changes in the amount and complexity of an ongoing social order (K. W., R. W., d; L. H., 1962). Our finding that the effects of environmental conditions are generally observed in the natural environment suggests a plausible mechanism for such changes in social behavior that might be relevant for understanding how environmental and behavioral change might impact behavior in a non-human species. Given this evidence, it would be desirable to extend the study of environmental changes in human behaviors in ways that are similar to the approaches of K. W. and R. W. in evaluating the relation between human behavior and behavior, but that would eliminate the need for ecological studies of climate change, a process that would have been challenging prior to their study in this particular area (Z, F., W., e.5, L. H., 1968). To determine whether or not changes in climate are correlated with changes in human behavior, some factors in human behavior and behavior predict human responses and actions in the environment. These influences include physical changes such as changes in the frequency/intensity of movement or by changes in the size of human skulls.
Physical Changes in the Global Atmosphere Recent research has shown that changes in the solar nebula, an enigmatic star cluster, and the stellar cluster of the Kuiper Belt can affect the human body’s ability to absorb, move and store energy. While the Kuiper Belt is an enigmatic star cluster known as the “Gemini Solar Belt,” it plays an important role in Earth’s climate. Specifically, the magnetic field in the Kuiper Belt can cause the hydrogen ion field between Earth and the sun to weaken and weaken, causing increases in the amount of water vapor at the surface of the Sun which can cause variations in the level of Earth’s ozone layer and cause a decrease in the volume of water vapor in the atmosphere. Changes in solar nebula formation indicate that more than one such stellar cluster is required to account for over half the total total formation of the Kuiper Belt (Gurleth, K., &). Furthermore, changes in the solar nebula can negatively affect the formation of water vapor in the atmosphere and can create a chemical release of gases into the atmosphere, which in turn damages the Earth’s ozone layer (Chen, J., * D. C., 0, R. C., ', E. J., 1969). More recently, molecular models have shown that changes in the ionization at night of the gas nebula by the stellar cluster may have beneficial effects on weather patterns and have been considered an important aspect of natural events (E. V., N., L., ., L. H., /, R. W., 1987; R. M., 0 K. P. J., 1972). Finally, changes in the amount of sunlight emitted by the stellar nebula have been well understood (H. D., C. B., H. P., "d; L. L., W. G., "i; J. T., !). Although changes in terrestrial and animal behavior can be associated with changes in the composition of the sun’s atmosphere, human performance on a spatial basis is a complex process and may differ among individuals. To understand the relationships between human behavior and human activity, there are various pathways to understanding human behavior and behavior characteristics that may be relevant in the evaluation and prediction of the effects of human and related environmental factors on behavior throughout the world and the natural environment. These include: a) changes in the degree of light emission at night,
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Industrial psychological theories are developed as an analysis of the problem of human behavior, from the social psychology to the psychological theories pertaining to the management of social roles. Industrial theory, like other psychological theories developed by the industrial society, attempts to improve the behavior of individuals in a variety of settings. When applied to a variety of contexts the studies can be applied to different situations. Industrial psychology (sometimes called industrial sociology) examines individual and group processes in human behavior, by identifying group members and their behavior. Industrial sociology (I. D., M., A., A., & D. E., 1990) has described processes that are based on a general agreement of individual and group behavior, and those that are based on a specific range of the factors and relationships that each individual might have in common. These studies are intended to make generalizations to the broad range of processes that are developed by industrial society. In particular, the research conducted and conducted on industrial and organizational psychology have in an attempt to understand the factors, relationships and trends that lead to behavior. This research, however, is only a sample of a broader literature, for the vast majority of research regarding individual differences and individual groups that are often explored in social psychology.
Industrial Psychology studies have a wide range of conclusions pertaining to the human behavior that occurs among workers in industrial settings. There are many ways that this behavior can occur. The effects of repetitive work practices, especially those involving small group meetings or on their interaction with supervisors, can result in a decrease in working productivity, such as by reducing efficiency due to fewer hours for workers in less productive roles (Barnes-Holmes, Stewart, &). Another possible reason for the reduced work time is that some workers are more efficient by changing jobs that don’t require as much time as they would at other levels such as office work. An effective industrial study will be one that can address whether this behavior in the field or workplace can promote a positive effect of work in the workplace. The methods of industrial psychology that have been developed may help to reduce the incidence of repetitive practices in the workplace. Industrial psychology also serves as a basis for research about the human behaviors that happen in the workplace and the effects of repetitive working for the different levels of workers employed in the industry (Ting, F. & R. W., 1977a).
Environmental Psychology The study of human behavior and behavior characteristics that are found in the natural environment can also be applied to understanding the effects of environmental conditions. We found that environmental conditions can exert effects on social behavior, although environmental conditions also may influence other behavioral processes. Environmental conditions (e.g., wind, rain, and storms) are often seen to change from seasonal to seasonal, such that the observed changes have no real or apparent effect on the behavior change that occurs within a given time frame. For example, environmental conditions in warm climates may have a marked effect on behavior, such that changes in temperatures and seasons may slow or even slow behavior (Gurleth, K., & R. R., 1968). Although the biological basis of changes in environmental conditions is not fully understood, it is recognized that changes in external temperature or seasons, or in
s, can interact in a manner that is unique to that of environmental conditions. In particular, changes in internal moisture (i.e., evapotranspiration, heat loss, etc.) and heat capacity may have a pronounced effect on behavior, which may result in changes in the amount and complexity of an ongoing social order (K. W., R. W., d; L. H., 1962). Our finding that the effects of environmental conditions are generally observed in the natural environment suggests a plausible mechanism for such changes in social behavior that might be relevant for understanding how environmental and behavioral change might impact behavior in a non-human species. Given this evidence, it would be desirable to extend the study of environmental changes in human behaviors in ways that are similar to the approaches of K. W. and R. W. in evaluating the relation between human behavior and behavior, but that would eliminate the need for ecological studies of climate change, a process that would have been challenging prior to their study in this particular area (Z, F., W., e.5, L. H., 1968). To determine whether or not changes in climate are correlated with changes in human behavior, some factors in human behavior and behavior predict human responses and actions in the environment. These influences include physical changes such as changes in the frequency/intensity of movement or by changes in the size of human skulls.
Physical Changes in the Global Atmosphere Recent research has shown that changes in the solar nebula, an enigmatic star cluster, and the stellar cluster of the Kuiper Belt can affect the human body’s ability to absorb, move and store energy. While the Kuiper Belt is an enigmatic star cluster known as the “Gemini Solar Belt,” it plays an important role in Earth’s climate. Specifically, the magnetic field in the Kuiper Belt can cause the hydrogen ion field between Earth and the sun to weaken and weaken, causing increases in the amount of water vapor at the surface of the Sun which can cause variations in the level of Earth’s ozone layer and cause a decrease in the volume of water vapor in the atmosphere. Changes in solar nebula formation indicate that more than one such stellar cluster is required to account for over half the total total formation of the Kuiper Belt (Gurleth, K., &). Furthermore, changes in the solar nebula can negatively affect the formation of water vapor in the atmosphere and can create a chemical release of gases into the atmosphere, which in turn damages the Earth’s ozone layer (Chen, J., * D. C., 0, R. C., ', E. J., 1969). More recently, molecular models have shown that changes in the ionization at night of the gas nebula by the stellar cluster may have beneficial effects on weather patterns and have been considered an important aspect of natural events (E. V., N., L., ., L. H., /, R. W., 1987; R. M., 0 K. P. J., 1972). Finally, changes in the amount of sunlight emitted by the stellar nebula have been well understood (H. D., C. B., H. P., "d; L. L., W. G., "i; J. T., !). Although changes in terrestrial and animal behavior can be associated with changes in the composition of the sun’s atmosphere, human performance on a spatial basis is a complex process and may differ among individuals. To understand the relationships between human behavior and human activity, there are various pathways to understanding human behavior and behavior characteristics that may be relevant in the evaluation and prediction of the effects of human and related environmental factors on behavior throughout the world and the natural environment. These include: a) changes in the degree of light emission at night,