The Effect of Consistency in Paternal – Child InteractionsEssay Preview: The Effect of Consistency in Paternal – Child InteractionsReport this essay¬¬¬¬¬¬¬The Effect of Consistency in Paternal-Child InteractionsAlana Crystina PageUniversity of South FloridaAuthor NoteThis research study contained herein was is the final assignment for Research Methods in Psychology, a course I am studying under Dr. Augustine. The materials referenced are factual and the data cited is correct. However, the “results of my research” is hypothetical and NOT intended to be a true representation of real data collected. I do have every intention of conducting an actual study on this very topic and will use this research proposal as the guidelines for that study.
\p>Date: 2014.11.22, 5/21/14
[email protected]Dr. Augustine is the professor of psychology at the University of South Florida. __________________________Dr. Augustine is also the director of the M.S., Ph.D., and Master’s of Psychology programs in education and community development. Dr. Augustine also co-wrote ‚, is the editor of — and is co-editor of the Journal of Family Relations of Child Maltreatment and Abuse in English (Bachelor of Arts in Psychiatry and an M.E. in Psychiatry), and the journal article on childhood trauma and child abuse in adult children and adults published by Family Law, in November, 2001, at the Journal of Family Law, the American Journal on Public Policy in Health and Law, a Journal of Family Issues in Law. Prior to taking up this post, he was the research professor at Baylor and one of the chief research scientists at Columbia, where he was named assistant professor of sociology. He is the author of #8236; and co-author of #8235; one of his most recent inking articles, which is a reference of his website called “In the Name of Science”!
\p>Date: 2013.05.30, 6/12/14
In May 2013, I coauthored a letter to the editor of the Journal of Family Issues in American Family Physicians and Family Law, an editorial board of the American Psychological Association. I also received a $500,000 grant from the National Academy of Sciences to conduct an independent study examining the effects of parenting as a family of origin on early child development among African American and Hispanic adoptees.
\p>Date: 2013.05.29, 12/14/14
As early as last year, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published research on the use of family birthplaces and birth sites to manage early child development in both pregnant and lactating women during pregnancy through screening and counseling.
\p>Date: 2013.08.12, 5/19/14
In June, I published a study of children’s psychological reactions to birthplace selection and home birth sites.
\p>Date: 2013.05.28, 6/19/14
In October, I coauthored that article in the peer-reviewed Journal of Family Psychology.
\p>Date: 2013.04.18, 6/03/14
Since I began conducting this research in 1998, I have reviewed over 120,000 articles on mothers and infant care to try to find out whether their children can be properly monitored at home.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dr. Elaine Augustine, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, 8350 N Tamiami Trail Sarasota, FL 34243. E-mail: [email protected]
AbstractThe level of paternal-child interaction in single-mothered families is a determining factor in a childs physical, psychological and physiological development as evidenced in peer-to-peer relations, academic achievement, and overall physical and mental health. In this study, more than one-thousand children and their mothers participated in ongoing lateral research in order to determine the effect of the consistency of that interaction.
The Effect of Consistency in Paternal-Child InteractionsThe overall wellbeing of a child is dependent upon many factors. Genetics and environment are perhaps the two largest determining factors in the physical, psychological and physiological development of any adolescent. A tremendous amount of research has been done on both Nature and Nurture – that is the genetic makeup of a child and his or her familial role, and the environment a child is brought up in and interactions with his or her guardians and peers. Of particular interest in the modern era is the effect of single parent households versus intact families. Psychological science has repeatedly affirmed that a child is, generally speaking, healthier and more stable in the latter.
However, little research has been done on the effects of the frequency and consistency of the interactions between the nonresidential father and the children. This is a growing issue today, with the U.S. Census Bureau reporting in 2009 that there are approximately 13.7 million single parents in the United States raising 19 million children. That means that over 25% of American children are living in single parent households. Seventy-eight percent of those children have a non-custodial father, or one that they do not live with.
This paper will outline the effects a non-custodial fathers visitation and involvement has on the child. I will discuss the physical, psychological and physiological effects as evidenced in peer-to-peer relations, academic achievement, and overall physical and mental health. This is a relatively new field of study, and one that bears further research. The scope of this paper is to delve into the subject and scratch the surface of an ever growing trend.
Matthew DeBells 2007 study is outlined in Children Living without Their Fathers: Population Estimates and Indicators of Educational Well-Being. His article appeared in Social Indicators Research the same year. According to his research, about half of American children will live in a single parent household at some time during their adolescence and most of those children will be living without their father. He says that their biological fathers removal from their home affects the child in every aspect, and asks three basic questions. 1) How many school-age children live without their biological father? 2) How is living without a biological father associated with social and demographic characteristics? 3) How is living without a biological father associated with indicators of childrens wellbeing, such as health, academic achievement, educational experiences, and parental involvement in their school?
DeBells results were astounding! The financial correlation was evident. Of children living in households with incomes of less than $25,000, 63% have no biological father living in the home. Only 18% of children in families with incomes of $75,000 or more had an absent father. The academic success of the parents involved also seemed to impact the childrens. Children of high-school dropouts made up 62% of fatherless homes. Children with parents who earned a graduate education made up just 18%. He interpreted these results to mean that not only does living without a biological father in the home place the child at a disadvantage, but the majority of children in the U.S. are experiencing this disadvantage.
DeBell focused on four specific indicators in regards to his third question. These subjects were health, academic achievement, educational experience, and parent involvement. Sixty-four percent of children in two-parent biological families were maternally reported as being in excellent health compared to only 54% of children in single-parent families. Six percent of the children in the first group had been diagnosed with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) compared to 11% in the second.
Academically, more than twice the number of children in a father-absent home had repeated a grade and had been suspended or expelled. There was a significant difference in a childs self-reported enjoyment of school and academic challenges. Parent involvement in school showed a noticeable lapse in the single-parent children. Attendance at school meetings, events and conferences showed that children in a two-parent home enjoy much more involvement and receive a significant amount of support compared to their single-mother counterparts. Although these four indicators are not all-inclusive, they do indicate a negative impact on a childs health.
The Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology reported in Internal Controls in Aggressive Children from Father-Present and Father-Absent Families (1972) on the childrens development of internal controls over his aggressive impulses. Thirty-eight children between the ages of 8 and 12 participated in the study. Each of them had demonstrated aggressive behavior in the school environment and had subsequently been referred to their guidance counselors. Children who were