Rise of Communism in ChinaEssay title: Rise of Communism in ChinaRise of Communism in ChinaIntroductionThe main reason why the Communists came to power in China was because of the failing policies and actions used by Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalists) of which the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) took advantage. However in addition to that, there were also significant factors such as the poor conditions during the beginning of the twentieth century in the Republic of China and the Japanese War (1937 В– 1945), that led to the insufficiency and weakness of the GMD (Chinese Democratic Party) during the Civil War. Their leader, Chiang Kai-Shek, lost the support of the majority, mainly peasants and intellectuals, to the CCP, which contributed to their success in war. In addition to GMDs actions, Mao Zedong, the communist leader was able to take over and declare the Peoples Republic of China.
Early twentieth centuryFailing of Qing DynastyThe unhappiness in China laid in its problems, which arose during the early twentieth century. Until the early twentieth century, Chinas rule was based on dynasties, which followed Confucian theories. The Chinese thought of their nation as the center of the world, disclaiming any interest in the west. Already during the nineteenth century, China had been weakened through foreign trade, war and influence. As the situation started to go worse, the people wanted to alter the situation and showed resistance to the foreigners in the Boxers Rebellion. This Rebellion and its aftermath prompted some reforms in China, however, it was too little, too late. The Qing dynasty was seen to be failing the people of China. In 1908, the Dowager Empress, CiXi, died and her three year-old grand nephew, PuYi, was proclaimed emperor. The discontent even grew further, and several groups, such as the Tongmengui organized to overthrow the Qing.
The Republic of ChinaSun Yatsen (a member of Tongmenghui) was announced the provincial president of the Republic of China on January 1, 1912. Still. he was forced to resign from his post because of Yuan Shikai, who organized the abdication of the Qing emperor in return for his own appointment as president. At that time, a new revolutionary party Guomindang was formed. This party believed in parliamentary democracy and the principle of electing the officials. Yuan disagreed with GMDs ideas and outlawed it in 1913. One year later WWI broke out in Europe and Japan took advantage of the outbreak. By 1915, Japan invaded Quindao and confronted Yaun Shikai with a list of twenty-one demands. These demands were not only exceptionally harmful to the economy but they were also seen as extreme humiliations to the Chinese people. Meanwhile, the central government came under the rule of Gen. Yuan Shikai, who died in June 1916 before he could consolidate his power as Emperor. After Yuan Shikai death, Sun Yatsen took over the nation. He promoted modernization and the “revolt against obedience.” When the WWI ended the Chinese assumed their allies would reward them. In 1919, when at Versailles the allies decided not to reward China, the people were outraged. Due to rejection of the reward, they developed a New Culture movement, which was pro democracy and education, but rejected Confucianism and “the old ways.” Furthermore, they declined the democratic systems of Great Britain and France(1).
Chinese Communist Party (CCP)A rebellion, called May 4th Movement took place, demanding a more Socialist system. At this stage, the Soviet regimes and their withdrawal from the war started to appear to the Chinese. Two years after the Treaty of Versailles, in 1921, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was set up in Benijing and Paris, with leaders Mao Zedong and Chou Enlan(2).
In sum, the Chinese had lived in insecure conditions, of which some are due to major problems and disruptions after European penetration in early nineteenth century. Therefore, the people were looking for a government, which would bring solutions and put a final end to their struggle. The mistakes of Kuomingtangs policies and action caused for the Communists to come to power, they gained peasants sympathy and put them into an even more positive view of themselves to the people. At the beginning the GMD sought to bring about a democratic revolution. Their socialist leader, Sun Yatsen, therefore introduced three principles, Nationalism, Democracy and Peoples livelihood. His idea of Nationalism consisted of a strong central government, which would have had to be able to force out foreign influence and restore independence of China. Democracy was Suns
The Cultural Revolution of 1932
The Cultural Revolution of 1932
The Cultural Revolution of 1932
[This section will summarize the major aspects of the Cultural Revolution during the year from the beginning. Each section is presented with a brief recapitulation of the events of the New Year that made the Cultural Revolution. First, many Chinese were convinced that the Communist Party had already declared victory in 1932. After Lenin’s overthrow in May, many also believed that the Party had yet to win a single national struggle by the “Red Flag”. The Cultural Revolution was a serious attempt on the part of the party to achieve unity with the general population, but with a political program of “red-flag” politics. The new Party leaders had, however, made no attempt to achieve any kind of revolutionary development. The Cultural Revolution of 1932 was a major factor in the formation of the Communist Party in China. It involved a new program of “socialism”, a program that had a very different aim and had been the best expression of the hope of future social reform.
In the course of the Cultural Revolution many aspects of the party leadership decided to give up their revolutionary aims. To this end many in the party had a number of important positions taken up, many of which were contradictory, in the hope that these positions would turn people against the Party and help it gain new confidence. Many of the positions on issues of strategic interest for the Communist Party were considered contradictory, by those who argued that this would mean a gradual return to dictatorship, that had to be accomplished gradually. One of these positions was that in general this dictatorship would be limited by the influence of the petty bourgeoisie, while this dictatorship would be based on a clear line of social policy, and that this policy should be carried out along a progressive, capitalist-run line. Others were against this program, based only on the need to destroy the petty bourgeoisie; one of the first cases involved the suppression of the party in the local community. For example, many in the party held that there had to be a definite set of guidelines and social policies in line with the principles of the principles of Social Democracy. Some who believed the party should focus and become more flexible were not sure of the right path ahead. For instance, the “New Party Platform of Labor and Peace”, which was based on Marxist principles; the “New Party Platform of Communism”, which was based on Marxist principles; and the “Workers’ Party Platform of Nationalism, Socialist Labor and Social Democracy”. All of these positions were incompatible positions.
However, others came to accept the same kind of ideas in the party’s platform, based on the general idea of an individual dictatorship of the working class, of workers’ party politics, the use of democratic means to overthrow the bourgeoisie and the class class and to break with the bourgeoisie.
Those who had also rejected the “Socialist Party Platform of Labor and Peace” had instead become members of the Communist Party, or part of it. At this point a majority of these were Communists.
With many of the party leaders leaving the party, many in the party leadership decided to hold a special election by election, where the candidates were selected from various categories of candidates, and who could participate would be selected according to their social concerns. This meant that the party leadership could not control the direction of the candidate for the general election but could nominate a single candidate and form a front of