Essay About Serial Position Effect And Self-Reference Effect

Memory Outline
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Memory
Memory – persistence of learning over time
Flashbulb memory – clear memory of emotionally significant event
Long-term memory – permanent and limitless memory storage
Short-term memory – activated memory that briefly retains a few items
Encoding – processing of info into memory
How we encode
Automatic processing – unconscious encoding of subsidiary and well-learned info
Effortful processing – encoding requiring focus and effort
Rehearsal – repetition of info to keep in consciousness or encode for storage
Spacing effect – spaced study over time yields better long-term retention than cramming
Serial position effect – tendency to recall items at the beginning and end of a list.
What we encode
* Encoding meaning
Semantic encoding – encoding of meaning
Acoustic encoding – encoding of sound
Visual encoding – encoding of images
Understanding something assists in its retention
Self-reference effect – info relevant to oneself is more likely to be retained
* Encoding imagery
Mnemonic devices – memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
* Organizing information for encoding
Chunking – organizing items into familiar units, often automatic
Hierarchies
* Forgetting as encoding failure
Without effortful process, much of what we sense is not encoded and