Curriculum & Instruction
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Department Of EducationPreston UniversityCourse Title: Curriculum & instruction Class: B.Ed. Course Teacher: Waqar Ali Time: 10.00 to 12.00Date: 28-09-2014 Lesson: 01Curriculum plays a vital role in attaining the aims and objectives of education tend to. It reflects the curricular and co-curricular trends in our institutions i.e. the courses of study, the objectives of education, the methodology of teaching including teaching aids, and evaluation methods. The word ‘Curriculum’ is derived from the Latin word Currere, which means ‘run’. Hence curriculum implies a run away, ‘a course, which a person runs to reach a goal: it consists of a number of subjects taught in the school. This is a narrow viewpoint.“Curriculum in its broadest sense includes the complete school environment, involving all the course, activities, reading and associations furnished to the pupils in school”.Different Concepts of Curriculum:Opinion widely differs about what constitutes the curriculum of the school for almost everyone seems to have an opinion about what students ought to learn or what ought to study. For several centuries, curriculum specialist have debated Herbert Spencer’s question ‘What knowledge is of most worth’?In the words of Kimball Wiles, “The school curriculum becomes what it is in any school at any given moment because of social setting: the ideals and commitment of individuals; and the skill, understanding and strategy of those concerned with change”. Curriculum has been viewed as under:Curriculum as content or subject matter.Curriculum as a program of planned learning activities.Curriculum as Intended Learning Outcomes.Curriculum Cultural Reproduction. Curriculum as Cultural Presentation. Curriculum as Experience. Curriculum as Discrete Tasks and Concepts.Curriculum as an Agenda for social Reconstruction. Curriculum as Currere.Curricular Spider web:The core of a curriculum generally concerns the aims and content of learning. Changes to this core usually presuppose changes to many other aspects of (the plan for) learning. A clarifying way to visualize the relationship between the various aspects is the so-called curricular spider web (van den Akker, 2003).[pic 1] Department Of EducationPreston UniversityCourse Title: Curriculum & instruction Class: B.Ed. Course Teacher: Waqar Ali Time: 10.00 to 12.00Date: 05 -10-2014 Lesson: 02Definitions of Curriculum:
“Curriculum as the sum total of student activities which the school sponsors for the purpose of achieving its objectives” (Alberty A. & Alberty B. 1959)“Curriculum is the sum of the educational experiences that children have in school”(H. Robert Beck & W. walter Cook) “Curriculum as all the experiences a pupil has under the guidance of the school”(Blond’s Encyclopedia) “Curriculum embodies all the experiences which are offered to learners under the auspices or direction of the school” (R. Doll, 1982)“The Curriculum is all the experiences of the child under the direction of the school”. (Regan)Characteristics of curriculum:Totality of activities Total school environment Totality of experiencesMirror of curricular and co-curriculum trendsMirror of Educational TrendsDevelopment of balanced personalityProcess of living Dynamic Mirror of Philosophy of lifeAchievement of goals Department Of EducationPreston UniversityCourse Title: Curriculum & instruction Class: B.Ed. Course Teacher: Waqar Ali Time: 10.00 to 12.00Date: 12-10-2014 Lesson: 03Need & Importance of curriculum:Achievement of education aimsFixing limitsDevelopment of democratic valuesDevelopment of citizenshipDevelopment of character Satisfaction of needsCriteria of suitable teachersSelection of suitable methodsAcquisition of knowledge Development of personalityReflects trends in education Providing suitable activities and experiencesScope of curriculum:There is need to work from basic generalizations or universal thinking about the content progressively towards specific or particular elements.The initiated decision-making should be concerned with the identification of the major areas of knowledge to be included. The content to be included must be educationally worthwhile. The content must occupationally be relevant for teaching. The content should be professionally relevant for teaching. The scope must determine to appropriate skills, attitudes and beliefs, which the students need to be aware of. The scope should determine the appropriate intellectual and practical level of difficulty in the content. The scope of the content should reflect the necessary educational technology to be included and the curriculum materials.The scope needs to be taken into account whether additional external expertise is needed from outside the field of teaching. The scope ought to include consideration of the basic from of assessment and examinations to be used. Department Of EducationPreston UniversityCourse Title: Curriculum & instruction Class: B.Ed. Course Teacher: Waqar Ali Time: 10.00 to 12.00Date: 19-10-2014 Lesson: 04