Less Lethal Weapons
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Less than Lethal Weapons
Clayton Moss
Less than lethal weapons were developed to provide law enforcement, corrections, and military personnel with an alternative to lethal force. The term less lethal weapons refers to weapons such as bean bag shotshells, rubber bullets, and electronic stun devices to name a few. They are designed to temporarily incapacitate, confuse, delay, or restrain a suspect in a variety of situations. They have been used primarily in on-the-street confrontations and suicide interventions, but have also been applied in riots, prison disturbances, and hostage rescues.
History
The concept of less lethal weaponry is not new. Law enforcement has long operated with what is called a “continuum of force.” It provides guidance to officers for selecting the type of weaponry to use in a variety of situations. The continuum normally begins with asking a subject to respond to voice commands. If the subject does not respond, the continuum may advise that the next level of force be used, in many cases, pepper spray (Pearson, 2003). If the subject is wielding a firearm, lethal force may then be used. Law enforcement has long recognized that a wide and dangerous gap exists in the range of tools available to them. The only tools traditionally available, baton or gun, may be either too weak or too strong a response to some situations. This fact became clear after the Supreme Court ruled in Tennessee v. Garner that the use of deadly force to apprehend apparently unarmed, nonviolent fleeing felons was an unreasonable seizure under the Fourth Amendment (Pearson, 2003). Edwin Meese, who was Attorney General at the time, called a conference to address the need for alternatives to deadly force. As a result of this conference, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) established a less-than-lethal technologies program. Through this program, NIJ seeks technologies that provide new or significantly improved less lethal options to law enforcement and corrections professionals to enable them to reduce the number of deaths and injuries to suspects (Hart, 2002).
Types of Weapons
There are six general categories of less lethal weapons that currently exist or are in development: impact projectile, electrical shock, chemical, physical restraint, light, and acoustic.
Impact Devices
There are a large number of manufacturers producing a wide variety of impact munitions. These impact projectiles are designed to deliver non-penetrating contact energy from a safer distance than a police baton (James, 2002). One such type of weapon, which has been in use for about 30 years, is the beanbag (Wilmette, 2002). Beanbags refer to square, rectangular, or circular fabric bags that contain lead shot. The round is intended to flatten on impact, hitting face on, and spread its energy over a large area. When manufactured, the beanbags are rolled into a 12 gauge shot shell. After leaving the muzzle, the bags unroll and rotate into the flat orientation to strike the target broadside. The lead shot acts like a fluid medium that distributes its kinetic energy over the surface contact area. The bag collapses and delivers a solid blow. The impact is comparable to being struck with a baseball traveling at 95 miles per hour or being punched by a professional boxer (Wilmette, 2000).
If the bag hits before it is completely unfurled or on an edge-on orientation, the full force of the impact is distributed over a smaller area, usually causing more damage. Square beanbags have been in use for many years and have been extensively tested for safety under the prescribed use conditions (Wilmette, 2002). The head, throat and face are not considered acceptable targets because the bags will almost certainly cause serious injury, if not death. The bags must deliver a blow sufficient to produce pain and induce compliance from uncooperative and aggressive suspects, so the torso was once considered the most appropriate target for the bags (Wilmette, 2002). However, because of the potential for causing damage to the chest by blunt trauma, the recommended point of aim is the center of the body or the belly button hold. Unfortunately, because of their shape, these beanbag rounds are widely inaccurate and have been known to veer off course and strike individuals elsewhere on the body causing serious injuries.
Improving on the square beanbags, researchers developed sock rounds. These rounds are designed to have no edges or corners that could lead to penetration and tend to have a tail to aid stabilization in flight. These sock rounds as well as the beanbag rounds are typically launched from a pump-action shotgun or a single round tear gas gun. The type of clothing worn by the suspect will affect the effectiveness of the rounds, as well as the point of aim and distance traveled.
Another type of impact device widely used in riot situations and prison disturbances is the rubber ball round. A single ball round consists of a single ball, generally rubber or plastic, fired from a shotgun or tear gas gun. The ball deforms on impact and spreads its energy over a larger area. There are also multi-ball rounds which can contain from 2 to over 200 pellets (Donnelly, 2001). These pellets are contained in either shotgun shells or rubber grenades. They can be used to target a number of people together and are not as discriminate as other rounds. These rubber ball rounds can be fired directly or skip-fired off a hard surface in front of a target to reduce the speed of the projectile. However, this form of firing can be adversely affected by snow, mud, or soft grassy terrain.
Electrical Shock
Electrical shock devices include any weapon that uses the effects of electricity to incapacitate the target. There are a variety of different devices available to law enforcement but their principle of operation is the same. They are battery powered and use a low current, high voltage impulse shock to provide incapacitation. The electrical stimulus is supposed to temporarily interfere with the normal electrical signals generated by the human nervous system (Donnelly, 2001).
One widely used stun device is the advanced taser M26 developed by Taser International. It uses an 18 to 26 watt electrical signal that overrides the central nervous system to directly control the skeletal muscles (Nielsen, 2001). The M26 is shaped like a standard duty pistol, which makes it easy to use. The taser is a conducted energy weapon that fires a cartridge with two small probes, or darts, that are connected to the weapon by high-voltage, insulated wire. When the probes contact the target, they transmit very short duration, high energy, electrical