Censorship And Religion
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Abstract:
This paper includes a brief history of censorship, summarizing the ancient stories of a Qin emperor, Socrates, Galileo as well as a more recent spin, which includes media censorship. It gives the explanation of the two types of censorship with a recent and historical example. Censorship and religion are defined and connected in order to form the thesis. Thesis: Most of those in favor of censorship have strong religious affiliations. Then the views of President Bush and religious fundamentalists will be shortly discussed.
The analysis of research is then presented. This includes statistics on censorship in the United States and the ways moderate forms of censorship are prevalent in the media today. Subsequent to which is a brief discussion on the legality of censorship in America. This research will focus on the content analysis of various scholarly articles as well as articles from up to date news sources. These articles deal with censorship and religion and sociological perspectives on both. This paper then gives detailed facts of the religious aspect of todays society, including statistics. Using the data from these articles a final result is formulated and related back to the thesis of the paper. The results consist of the correlation of statistics as well as parallelism of social beliefs. From the prior research an educated recommendation on this current condition is presented, explaining that religion cannot be a valid legal reason to enforce something like censorship. Finally, a conclusion briefly summarizing the paper ends the piece.
Background:
Censorship can be dated as far back as the 3rd century B.C. to a Qin emperor who rewrote history in order to display himself in glory. Then in the 5th century B.C. Athens indicted Socrates for “impiety” and corrupting the young. At his trial he was found guilty and his sentence was determined to be death. And after Socrates was Galileo, who fought with the Catholic Church for attempting to control the “academic agenda.” He continued to support “academic freedom” in spite of their power but he was eventually quieted. (Vidal-Hall 1)
More recently (1909), the National Board of Censorship was formed in order to screen films and delete scenes that public official could deem inappropriate. Later in 1915, the United States Supreme Court ruled that since movies were a “business” they were not available for constitutional protection. With this the Hays Office was created, an organization that listed the “Donts” and “Be Carefuls” of the movie industry. Then in the 1930s a group of Roman Catholic bishops formed the National Legion of Decency to rate movies by their own standards- “movies deemed immoral faced Catholic boycotts.” In reply, Hays created an even more harsh set of standards, bringing movies fines of up to $25,000. Eventually in 1952, the Supreme Court overturned its 1915 ruling and stated that movies were in fact “worthy of First Amendment Protection.” Several years later the rating system was set into place. In theory this system was not supposed to be censorship. It was simply put into place to advise the viewer of the content, however, since many studios force filmmakers to keep the content within a certain rating category, their work is restricted. (Hughes 2)
Research:
There are two types of censorship. One of which comes from an outside source such as the government, one example of which would be the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The other is self inflicted and known as self-censorship. This kind of censorship is generally caused by ones natural need to conform to meet the approval of those around them. “Its the evidence of hundreds of manuscripts that were pulled from drawers and under beds where they had been hidden for decades” after the USSR ruled Russia. (Vidal-Hall 2)
Censorship can be defined as the act or practice of supervising the manners or morality of others. In contrast, religion is defined as a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe. Most religions will also contain a moral code of conduct and restrictions that are imparted on its followers. (
A very public example of this may be the President of the United States, a self proclaimed religious man President Bush has openly admitted to being pro- censorship. In fact he has taken action to censor many newscasts on the war in Iraq as well as the governmental treatment of immigrants. (Martin 2)
One of the strongest theories on censorship is that of the religious fundamentalists. Religious fundamentalism is the absolute belief and practice in the faith of God. They do not believe in modernization and rely solely on the “sacred canonical texts” of the bible. (Barzilai 25) Despite the fundamentalists disapproval of technology, most do use computers and the Internet, mostly to encourage more people to join their church or to post sermons. However, some fundamentalists choose not to use the Internet due to the large amounts of inappropriate material, which can be easily and accidentally accessed. (Barzilai 31) Religious fundamentalists also tend to not watch television for the same reasons. Therefore, they are strongly in favor of media censorship. (Barzilai 32)
However, the religious fundamentalists are not alone. A survey in November of 2000 found that at least 64% of its participants believed that the Internet should in fact be censored. However, most people do not feel the same way about television. 82% thought it was their responsibility to decide what was acceptable for their family to watch. Also 77% of those polled claimed they disliked the censoring of films on television. The preferred way to controlling the content was to display warnings prior to the airing of the movie. (FilmFour survey 1)
Today, censorship ratings can be found on almost all types of media from CDs, video games, movies, and television. But many people want more. In the 1980s Elizabeth Gore was avidly fighting violent and sexually explicit lyrics in popular teen music. It was not until 1999, after the Columbine shooting that parental advisory stickers were placed on CDs. However, these stickers are subjectively placed. In a study following the shooting, it was discovered that media companies “do aggressively market products” with adult content to children. (Rabkin 2)