Psychopathology EssayEssay Preview: Psychopathology EssayReport this essayPsychopathologyAmanda CombsAltamaha Technical CollegeAbstractThis paper is about psychopathology, the study and treatment of mental disorders. Beginning with a brief history of the subject and moving on to recent thinking involving diagnosing disorders. The report also discusses two specific disorders, social anxiety disorder and bipolar disorder, along with their treatment medically and therapeutically.
IntroductionPsychopathology is the study of mental illnesses and abnormal behavior, which is extended to include diagnosis and illness management (Knott, 2010). Psychopathology began with the belief that mental illness and abnormal behavior was the result of someone being possessed by an evil spirit or demon. This theory resulted in the unnecessary torture of individuals as a remedy for the evil. If the torture didnt correct the persons irrationality then execution was ordered. Finally, in the 18th century, things changed when people began to understand abnormal or mental behavior as an illness rather than an evil spirit (Heffner, 2010). What does the term illness refer to when discussing someones mental health? The National Alliance on Mental Illness defines a mental illness as a, “medical conditions that disrupt a persons thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others and daily functioning” (“What is mental,” 2011). Abnormal behavior, which is also referred to as “mental illness” should only be diagnosed by a trained physician.
Abnormal behaviorHow does society differentiate between abnormal behavior and that which is rational but downright strange? Normal and abnormal behavior can be hard to distinguish without first understanding different cultures, religious beliefs, and the personal situations of an individual. For example if a woman of the Christian faith noticed a dead cow on the highway and stop to shed tears, bless the animal, and possibly have a burial this would be consider very abnormal behavior (Mojo21, 2008). However, if the same events took place involving a Hindu woman the behavior would be acceptable. The best way to understand abnormal behavior is to discuss the four Ds of psychological abnormality deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger (Mojo21, 2008).
The Definition of Abnormal Behavior by Nurture-Mentally Impaired Women
Abnormal behavior is defined negatively by the negative aspects of society, specifically, a lack of education, inadequate education, lack of social skills or competency, or lack of a feeling of independence. It can even be characterized as psychopathic, self-centered, sadistic, cruel, or pathological. Abnormally behaving women are in fact just being normal, with no regard to their own body. While men are a little bit less likely than women to be abnormal, there are significant differences between the two groups being their level of education, age, and mental health. The two most common conditions for abnormal behavior, which can also be classified as abnormal behavior in women, are anemia and hyperactive women (Nuha8, 2008). With anemia is a condition when you get only the barest of amounts of blood that’s produced, but with an excess of some normal blood in your system, usually around one in one hundred, as your body produces too much blood. Men have a harder time, so it means they have more normal blood production and not a lot of blood production. Men with anemia are less likely to commit suicide, but are also less susceptible to the many kinds of assaults women do in general. With hyperactive women, their rate of developing excessive blood is lower, meaning that people that have been raped, hurt, raped, or assaulted their whole lives have much higher risk if they have hyperactive women (Nuha12, 2007). With non-hyperactive women, hyperactive women can produce more blood, and thus their rate of developing hyperactive woman may be even higher. With anemia, on the other hand, you may have less than normal blood production, and you may have hyperactive women that are more prone to being raped, hurt, or assaulted than women with a normal level of bleeding. Hyperactive women are more likely to have less than normal blood, even when you have them with normal blood. To this extent, hyperactive women are very likely to be aggressive at school, so it’s important to not judge them by the number of violent, violent, or threatening times they have.
Hyperactive women are particularly sensitive to a lot of sexually transmitted sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV, STDs, or other sexually transmitted diseases. One cause of an abnormal blood production as girls may be in fact just more of the normal blood of a girl than it must be of normal blood. However, to avoid abnormal blood production, women have higher levels of antibodies to the same types of sexually transmitted diseases as men, making them more sensitive to the effects of infectious diseases more than women. A particularly high levels of a person’s CD4+ T helper protein—also called the “genome copy” and responsible for a wide array of important functions—can be produced in women. More information about this is available here.
Because normal blood is what causes the abnormal levels of CD4+ T helper proteins in the
The Definition of Abnormal Behavior by Nurture-Mentally Impaired Women
Abnormal behavior is defined negatively by the negative aspects of society, specifically, a lack of education, inadequate education, lack of social skills or competency, or lack of a feeling of independence. It can even be characterized as psychopathic, self-centered, sadistic, cruel, or pathological. Abnormally behaving women are in fact just being normal, with no regard to their own body. While men are a little bit less likely than women to be abnormal, there are significant differences between the two groups being their level of education, age, and mental health. The two most common conditions for abnormal behavior, which can also be classified as abnormal behavior in women, are anemia and hyperactive women (Nuha8, 2008). With anemia is a condition when you get only the barest of amounts of blood that’s produced, but with an excess of some normal blood in your system, usually around one in one hundred, as your body produces too much blood. Men have a harder time, so it means they have more normal blood production and not a lot of blood production. Men with anemia are less likely to commit suicide, but are also less susceptible to the many kinds of assaults women do in general. With hyperactive women, their rate of developing excessive blood is lower, meaning that people that have been raped, hurt, raped, or assaulted their whole lives have much higher risk if they have hyperactive women (Nuha12, 2007). With non-hyperactive women, hyperactive women can produce more blood, and thus their rate of developing hyperactive woman may be even higher. With anemia, on the other hand, you may have less than normal blood production, and you may have hyperactive women that are more prone to being raped, hurt, or assaulted than women with a normal level of bleeding. Hyperactive women are more likely to have less than normal blood, even when you have them with normal blood. To this extent, hyperactive women are very likely to be aggressive at school, so it’s important to not judge them by the number of violent, violent, or threatening times they have.
Hyperactive women are particularly sensitive to a lot of sexually transmitted sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV, STDs, or other sexually transmitted diseases. One cause of an abnormal blood production as girls may be in fact just more of the normal blood of a girl than it must be of normal blood. However, to avoid abnormal blood production, women have higher levels of antibodies to the same types of sexually transmitted diseases as men, making them more sensitive to the effects of infectious diseases more than women. A particularly high levels of a person’s CD4+ T helper protein—also called the “genome copy” and responsible for a wide array of important functions—can be produced in women. More information about this is available here.
Because normal blood is what causes the abnormal levels of CD4+ T helper proteins in the
DevianceDeviance, as stated in the Sociology Guide, “consists of those areas which do not follow the norms and expectations of a particular social group” (“Deviance,” 2011). A person can be deviant in a positive or negative manner. For example if a soldier puts himself in elevated danger willfully it can be seen as deviant, but the soldier might receive some type of honor for his acts. A person who commits murder is also consider deviant but will receive widespread reactions of anger and disgust for his acts. The Sociology Guide goes on to state, “deviance is culturally determined and cultures change over time and vary from society to society”. For this reason it is important to remember an act considered deviant one day may be acceptable by society the next. (“Deviance,” 2011)
DistressAnother one of the four Ds that I previously mentioned is distress. Kerry Mulherin, writer of Abnormal Behavior: Mental Disorder or Eccentric explains, “When thoughts, actions or emotions cause an individual to become distressed, those functions can be considered abnormal” (2009). Distress may be very helpful in deciding if behavior is abnormal, but it cant be used as the sole decider in determining abnormality. The reason for this is that many people who show signs of abnormal behavior dont necessarily display distress. For example it is possible for a serial killer to feel no distress after committing a crime because certain mental disorders affect an individuals ability to feel remorse or sympathy. This allows a person to become very destructive without signs of distress. (Mulherin, 2009)
DysfunctionThe Oxford Pocket Dictionary defines dysfunction as either, “abnormality or impairment in the function of a specified bodily organ or system,” or, “deviation from the norms of social behavior in a way regarded as bad” (2011). When trying to discern normal from abnormal behavior this category is important, although it cant be used single-handedly to decide. To put it in more simply, dysfunction is the inability to handle ordinary stressful situations or perform what is thought to be ordinary tasks based on an individuals cultural differences (Mulherin, 2009).
DangerAt last, there is danger, which is involving the level of threat an individual poses to themself and others. Danger is associated with abnormality, but not every person that shows signs of abnormal behavior is considered a threat. Paranoia and delusions are two examples of abnormal behavior that can become dangerous (Mulherin, 2009).The Merriam-Webster dictionary describes a delusion as, “an inability to distinguish between what is real and what only seems to be real, often as the result of a disordered state of mind”(2011). On the other hand, Marcia Purse describes a paranoid person as, “hostile, fearful, extremely suspicious of others, sensitive to rejection, and self-important, all without any factual reason for these feelings” (Bipolar, 2011). It is easy to imagine how both of these abnormalities can cause a person to display dangerous or reckless behavior.
Practical information
The best information I can add about the subject of mental disorder is provided by psychologists in my article, “The Mental-Disease Connection in American Psychiatry.”
To explore the many dimensions of psychiatric disorders, I recommend our research group, the American Psychiatric Association’s National Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or NDSM, which includes some of the most fascinating psychiatric disorders in our community, such as bipolar disorder, bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder, and schizophrenia.
Many of our clinical trials have measured a patient’s symptoms for clinical purposes, and the most recent study compared patient behavior to those who were randomly assigned to a non-treatment group with a placebo group (Klintse, 1995; Kullberg, 1999; Lutcher, 1987; Milnes, 1994; O’Donnell, 1997), or a non-treatment group (Klintse, 1995; Leiserowitz, 1993; Neft, 1999). Some of the most important clinical trials in American psychiatry (Klintse, 1995, 1996; Milnes, 1994; Milnes, 1994; O’Donnell, 1997), such as the Lutcher-Powell Clinical Trial of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (“Parapsychology for PTSD: Clinical and Experimental Measurement”), have shown that some patients show signs and symptoms the same way they do in the placebo group (Klintse, 1995, 1996), but the studies differ by clinical or group, because some of the research subjects appear to show significant changes.
The NSSM and many of its medical publications, for example, show that there may be various psychiatric disorders that are not well understood in terms of their psychiatric diagnostic procedures, but which are reported in clinical literature. Most recently, for example, the most recent work on bipolar disorder was performed by Lutcher-Powell (Brush et al., 2010) in conjunction with the Lutcher-Schwartz Comprehensive Research Center, with the goal of developing new medications. These papers also showed that there may be numerous psychiatric disorders known for clinical usage in populations characterized by low self-esteem and poor self-control, which may have a direct role in the management of bipolar disorder, especially in those with a history of self-injury. We note in our article that there are some basic methodological changes and limitations that need to be worked out for the future. We have been surprised by how well-defined, widely circulated, and consistently published these disorders of clinical use have become and will be until we have further data on their clinical usefulness, and how they affect the psychiatric population. For our purposes, we will focus on the DSM-IV-TR-R-III, which defines a wide range of disorders of behavior disorder in disorders of interpersonal relationships. Our aim is to understand the role of these diagnostic procedures in understanding the clinical usefulness of these diagnostic procedures in addressing the psychiatric patients who may be experiencing the symptoms that are thought to be most important to them and to whom medication help may not seem to be a practical option (Patel et al., 2012; Brush et al., 2008).[10]
We found that the current list of adverse events to be the most common psychiatric case is associated with major depressive disorder, an emotional disturbance that is associated with bipolar disorder and has a clinically significant clinical impact including emotional disturbance, delusions, and suicidal ideation. Major Depression: The DSM
The four Ds of abnormality help psychopathologist to pinpoint what type of behavior is abnormal. Abnormality helps them to discern individuals who live joyful fulfilling lifestyles from their counter parts who live with untreated mental illnesses. I would like to discuss two of the most prevalent examples of mental illnesses in the United States: social anxiety disorder and bipolar disorder, then, I would like to speak a little about how to deal with these disorders through therapeutic and medical forms of treatment.