Training and Development
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Training & Development
When most people think of company training, the first thing that comes to mind is “inconvenience.” Training conjures images of sudden scheduling; disruption of their personal life; travel; long, drawn out sessions and a sense of relief mixed with futility when it is over. Hardly the best mindset for learning!
What is Training?
Training, by definition, is:
To coach in or accustom to a mode of behavior or performance.
To make proficient with specialized instruction and practice.
To teach and form by practice; to educate; to exercise; to discipline
An activity leading to skilled behavior (15)
Training in the workplace is a process whereby people acquire capabilities to aid in the achievement of organizational goals; it provides employees with specific, identifiable knowledge and skills for use in their present job. (12)
Why is Training Important?
Training is important because many human resource professionals are having a difficult time finding qualified entry level workers who posses the basic reading, writing and reasoning skills needed for todays workplace. In some cases, employers must complete the basic training that they believe high schools and technical colleges fail to provide. A high school diploma, and sometimes even a college degree, is not an indicator of the skills a person should have. The gap between the well educated, well skilled, and the non-educated, non-skilled is becoming more obvious due to the decline in manual labor jobs. (10)
Training is also important in aiding in underemployment and employee retention. Many students come out of college and are recruited into jobs that arent challenging and move them along slowly. They then quit in search for other opportunities. Ongoing training would keep these students interested and learning new and challenging things, also enabling them to move up quicker. (10)
There are many competitive pressures facing organizations today that require them to have employees whose knowledge, and ideas are current, and whose skills and abilities deliver results. Employees who must adapt to the mass amount of changes happening within organizations must be training continually in order to maintain their capabilities. (12)
Many companies realize that training and development are integral to competitive business success. They realize that without continual training, organizations may not have employees with the knowledge, skills, and abilities to compete effectively. With technology ever changing and evolving, training is key in keeping these businesses alive. (12)
Training, essentially, is an additional source of business revenue for many organizations. When people are properly trained how to perform job functions, or use products, it increases customer loyalty and satisfaction.
What Training is Needed?
Since training is designed to help organizations accomplish their objectives, it only makes sense that assessing the organizational training needs would be the first phase in setting their training objectives. The goal is to understand all the business issues driving the need for change. This phase identifies key measures that training would impact, such as revenue, win rate, new customer relationships or account penetration. It also determines the performance standards for skills, effort or strategic approach. (7)
At the same time, assessment explores the challenges facing employees. This can take a variety of forms including surveys, interviews and simulations. Employees perceptions of their strengths and weaknesses, together with parallel readings from managers, allow the prioritization of needed training. (7)
This assessment considers employee and organizational performance issues to determine if training can help. It is also very important to consider non-training factors such as compensation, organizational structure, job design, and physical work settings.
There are three major sources to the training needs assessment analysis. The first is organization-wide sources. Within this source are grievances, observations, accidents, complaints, waste/scrap, exit interviews, training observations, and equipment use. Secondly are job-based sources, which includes employee knowledge, skills, and abilities, and job specifications. Lastly are individual employee sources, which include tests, questionnaires, records, attitude surveys, assessment centers, and performance appraisals. (12)
Once training needs have been identified using appropriate analyses, then training objectives and priorities must be established by identifying a gap analysis, which indicates the distance between where an organization is with its employee capabilities and where it needs to be. Training objectives and priorities are then set to close the gap. Three types of training objectives can be set
Knowledge: Impart cognitive information and details to trainees;
Skill: Develop behavior changes in how jobs and task requirements are performed
Attitude: Create interest in and awareness of the importance of training.
Ideally, training needs to be based on organizational objectives. Conducting the training most needed to improve the performance of the organization will produce visible results more quickly. (12)
Types of Training
There are many different ways to conduct training. Training can be designed to meet a number of different objectives and can be classified in various ways. First we will look at some different classifications, then we will discuss the different methods of training.
Classifications:
Required and regular training: Complies with various mandated legal requirements (e.g., Occupational safety, EEO) and serves as training for all employees (new employee orientation)
Job/technical training: Enables employees to perform their jobs, tasks, and responsibilities well (e.g., product knowledge, technical processes and procedures, customer relations)
Interpersonal and problem solving training: Addresses both operational and interpersonal problems and seeks improved organizational working relationships (e.g., interpersonal