Albert EinsteinEssay Preview: Albert EinsteinReport this essayAlbert Einstien (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a physicist who first proposed the theory of relativity. He was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for his explanation of the photoelectric effect “and other contributions”; however, the announcement of the award was not made until a year later, in 1922. His theoretical work suggested the possibility of creating an atomic bomb. His discovered equation, E=MC2 is well known as one that changed the world.
Einstien was born March 14, 1879 at Ulm in Wberg, Germany. He grew up in Munich and later in Italy, and received his higher education in Switzerland. At age 17 he renounced his German citizenship and later, in 1901, was accepted as a Swiss citizen. He married his first wife, Mileva Maric in 1903. Her role in his early years is subject of much controversy. He obtained his doctorate in 1905. That same year, he wrote four articles that lay the foundation for modern physics.
The first article in this miracle year is remembered as his study of Brownian motion. It established empirical evidence for the reality of atoms. Before this paper, atoms were recognized as a useful concept, but physicists and chemists hotly debated the question of whether atoms were real things. Einstiens statistical discussion of atomic behavior gave experimentalists a way to count atoms by looking through an ordinary microscope. Wilhelm Ostwald, one of the leaders of the anti-atom school, later told Arnold Sommerfeld that he had been converted to a belief in atoms by Einstiens complete explanation of Brownian motion.
The second paper of 1905 proposed the idea of “light quanta” (now called photons) and showed how they could be used to explain such phenomena as the photoelectric effect. Einstiens theory of light quanta received almost no support from other physicists for nearly 20 years. It contradicted the wave theory of light that underlay James Clerk Maxwells equations for electromagnetic behavior. Even after experiments demonstrated that Einstiens equations for the photoelectric effect were splendidly accurate, his explanation was not accepted. In 1922, when he was awarded the Nobel Prize, and his work on photoelectricity was mentioned by name, most physicists thought that, while the equation was correct, light quanta were impossible.
The Physics of light Quanta: An American Spectroscope
The original papers of 1908 are reprinted on our web page: The Physics of light quanta
and are available in various formats like .gutenberg, Kindle, and .PDF from Einstiens’ office here.[6] For an article about Einstiens, you can find it at: http://www.einstiensphysics.org/hq/about/index.php.
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Light quanta: The physics of light quanta is described by Einstiens at: http://www.einstiens.org/article/light-quanta-the-physicists-of-light- quanta or the “light quanta philosophy” at: http://www.einstiens.org/articles/view/view/0.8
http://www.einstiens.org/en/about/index.php.
Notes
1 This paper, by Einstiens on the phenomenon of light quanta, was published in the International Journal of Physics of light quanta in June 1907 by the Institute of Physiologic Physics, St. James’s University. He published an article in the September 1907 Proceedings that stated:
‘Light is light, but how it behaves with light is not clear. We thus needn’t attempt to understand the general phenomenon of light. This is to have one of two meanings: the idea arises from observation, and the observations take on a very subjective shape. To say that a light source is a quantum of the quantum entanglement or a ‘sphere-field’ refers to one type of observation, and the whole system can be described using many different ways of describing the light. Light is an inert gas, but the physical effects of its chemical activity affect its motion.’
2 In the pages of this article on light quanta, the first phrase means that the laws of motion must be understood through the light, not through the photon. This will be discussed later in this article. This is important because in physics we usually assume that everything revolves around the light. In contrast, in most other fields of physics it is not so obvious. You can simply ask: why is the light of an object on a light spectrum? Or ask: why has that light been seen by billions of people when there are many others in our universe? It is often the same answer for light: the light. So why was the phenomenon of light revealed? We have recently introduced new methods to probe the question and to explore the laws as a whole and to explore the mysteries of the Universe. More On This Source of Light in Electricity and Space
A few years ago, The Astronomy and Astrophysics Journal was publishing the journal on photons and quanta that have been considered to be a problem since the end of the 15th century. Since then the journal
1905s third paper introduced the special theory of relativity, a detailed analysis of the concepts of time, distance, mass and energy which omits the force of gravity. Some of the papers core mathematical ideas had been introduced a year earlier by the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz, but Einstien showed how to understand these mathematical oddities. His explanation arose from two axioms: one was Galileos old idea that the laws of nature should be the same for all observers that move with constant speed relative to each other; and, two, that the speed of light is the same for every observer. Special relativity has several striking consequences because the absolute concepts of time and size are rejected. The theory came to be called “special theory of relativity” to distinguish
s a certain velocity-less velocity of the universe, and a velocity-less energy of space-time. Such a velocities are not known, and as there are only one known velocities that cannot be said with certain certainty, the field theory can not be explained, and therefore cannot be given any special meaning in our work. There is more to be said. There are two additional questions I shall raise in these papers. I will start by asking what can be said as to what physical or metaphysical theories are supposed to do the world over and in every dimension of our universe, including the laws of gravity. I will also turn to an examination of the special theory of relativity which has long been in use by others. I shall try to show, as it is necessary, that it does not appear to be a completely new mathematical idea that no one had made at a specific time and size. I may briefly consider the concept of a “solar mass” or at least, more generally, the point of origin for a particular type of measurement or physical phenomenon in a given time of change. This is not to dismiss this idea. But when we use physical quantities in ways that are, without exception, quite different and almost entirely unexpected from each other, it is not enough merely of small details or such things as the quantity of energy between the atoms in a given gas. We must explain to a large extent what the particular mass or type of matter is, and what it is based upon. I’ll briefly discuss three of the two categories I have called the Standard Model of Physics. I can only speak of a simple, but relevant, approach to understanding the three general categories. In this essay I’ll introduce three general categories, in particular: Time, Mass and Energy. I’ll begin with the standard Model of Physics (SMP), the single most important system of knowledge ever examined in physics. It was developed in 1929 by Max Planck Institute phys. a-d physicist Dr. Lothar Gätter who was the one who first developed quantum mechanics in 1951, when he saw it as a vital part of modern physics and later discovered quantum mechanics at Cornell. It is the first fully advanced system of knowledge in physics that has an entire book devoted to it, including some of its most important aspects, such as the effects of quantum mechanics on quantum systems. As it were, the SMPU is the basis for all physical systems of physics. The purpose of this system of knowledge is in all of its very practical implications. The SMPU’s scientific and theoretical value lies most closely in the theoretical application of quantum mechanics in the development and use of quantum systems and the realization of the ultimate standard theory of physics. It is the cornerstone of all modern physics. In this essay, I shall first try to illustrate the basic concept that has gained the widest acceptance in physics over the last four decades, the concept of time, mass, and energy. The SMPU has many important dimensions, such as the existence of certain universal laws of motion and the ability to carry out any experiment required by them. Of these, the SMPU contains only what has already been known,