Biochemistry.
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BIOMOLECULESAre molecules that are present or produced by organisms.• Biomolecules are organic molecules which consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus, which are non-metal elements.• These elements combines through covalent BondingBIOCHEMISTRYStudy of substances found in living and chemical reactions in the process of life.•It’s goal is to understand the structure and behaviour of biological molecules.VOCABULARYPOLYMERS• From Greek word polus meaning “many” build up by smaller molecules.MONOMERS• From Greek word monos meaning “single” smaller molecules that made up polymers.• These are joined together by covalent bond.BIOMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES(polymers)• CARBOHYDRATES• LIPIDS• PROTEINS• NUCLEIC ACIDSMICROMOLECULES(monomers)• MINERALS• GASES• WATER• SUGARS• AMINO ACIDS• NUCLEOTIDESCLASSES OF BIOMOLECULES• CARBOHYDRATES • PROTEIN• LIPIDS • NUCLEIC ACIDCARBOHYDRATESThe most abundant biomolecules.• The chief source of all organisms.• Carbohydrates rich foods includes some fruitssweets, rice, bread, pastas, beans, potatoes and cereals.• From French term hydrate de carbone,meaning “hydrates of carbon”.• Sometimes called “saccharide”, from Greek sakcharon,meaning “sugar”. The suffix –ose is use to denote the name saccharide.• The production of these carbohydrates by green plants is possible through the process photosynthesis.TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDESthe simplest carbohydrates. The only sugar that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. Have molecular formula of C6H12O6.GLUCOSE- sometimes referred to as dextrose.- the most abundant monosaccharide in nature.- it is found in the bloodstream and provides energy of the body’s cells and tissues.FRUCTOSE- known as the fruit sugar.- sweetest among the sugars.- can also be found in the nectar, molasses and honey.-from Latin word “fructus” for fruits, also known as LevulosGALACTOSE- It does not occur freely in nature.- it is produced in the body through the digestion of a lactose.-from Greek “galact” for milk.DISACCHARIDEContain two monosaccharide units bound together
by a covalent bond known glycosidic linkage. Have molecular formula of C12H22011.Sucrose – in French is “sucre”- also known as table sugar.- the most common and abundant disaccharide.- it compost of one molecule of each monosaccharides D-glucose and D- fructose.- mostly found in sugar beets and sugar caneMaltose- in French is “malt”- known as malt sugar.- containing 2 units of glucose.-found in germinating grains, use to make beer.Lactose- in Latin “ lact” or milk.- known as milk sugar-containing glucose and galactose.- Both sugars cannot be directly utilized by the body unless broken down in to monosaccharidesPOLYSACCHARIDES— Carbohydrates that contain ten monosaccharide units or more. Cellulose- found in the cell wall of plants.Glycogen – stored carbohydrates in animals.- 2/3 of total body’s glycogen is stored in muscles and the remaining 1/3 is stored in liver.Starch – stored carbohydrates in plants.2 TYPES OF POLYSACCHARIDE1.HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDE- if its formed by the same type of monosaccharide.2.HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDE- are those formed by different types of monosaccharide.PROTEIN• Proteins are complex biomolecules that contain amino acids linked through the peptide bond.• They are the most versatile biomolecules.• Proteins are known as building blocks of life.• Perform variety of functions like catalyzing metabolic reactions, replication of DNA, response to stimuli,and transporting molecules.PROTEINOther functional roles of protein:CatalystsAntibodiesContractile proteins (actin and myosin)Hormonal proteins (insulin and somatotropin)Structural proteins (keratin, collagen)Transport proteins (hemoglobin)AMINO ACID• The building block of protein.• Protein is synthesized through translation process in the ribosomes.• There are 20 amino acids.• Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body but can be obtained from food.• Amino acid is composed of a central carbon bonded to hydrogen, carboxyl group, an amino group, and a side chain R group.PROTEIN STRUCTURE• The structure of the protein is simply the sequence of amino