Biology Cells
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SCIENCE REVISION:
By Katherine May Dinh
Biology
B1 Ð- The Principles of Biological Classification and the Diversity of Organisms
B2 Ð- Cellular Organisation and Function
B3 Ð- Support and Movement
B4 Ð- Photosynthesis
[B01] THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION AND THE DIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS
Living organisms can be identified when having the general characteristics :
MRS GREN
M ovement
R espiration
S ensitivity
G rowth
R eproduction
E xcretion
N utrition
The Bionomial Naming system is a system that can identify every living organism with a universal name consisting of two words. The firs word is the genus and the second word is the species e.g Panthera leo Ð- lion, Loxodonta africana Ð- elephant.
Animals are organisms that feed on other organisms and usually move around.
Characteristics Ð-
Each type of animal in the Animal Kingdom can be identified through characteristics.
Vertebrates :
Fish Ð- e.g shark, seahorse
scaly covering
live in water
gills for breathing
eggs laid in water
cold blooded
skeleton of cartilage or bone
Reptiles Ð- e.g crocodile, snake
dry, waterproof scaly skin
generally live on land
lungs for breathing
most have four legs
some can swim
others have reduced legs and slide along the ground (snakes)
eggs laid on land with soft shell
cold blooded
Amphibians Ð- e.g frog, newt
moist leathery skin without scales
tadpoles have gills for breathing
adults live on land, have lungs for breathing
can swim, walk or hop
eggs laid in water
cold blooded
Mammals Ð- e.g lion, dog
covered with hair
young fed on milk produced by the mothers mammary glands
live on land, water, and in the air
walk, swim or fly
lungs for breathing
warm blooded
Birds Ð- e.g eagle, vulture
covering of feathers
live on land and in the air
lungs for breathing
wings for flying and beak for feeding
eggs are laid in nests and have a hard shell
warm blooded
Invertebrates :
Arthropods Ð- have segmented body with a hard exoskeleton and jointed limbs. And they are divided into four groups mainly based on the number of legs.
Crustaceans Ð- e.g shrimp, lobster
between 5 and 8 legs
two pairs of antennae
mainly live in water
Arachnids Ð- e.g spider, scorpion
4 pairs of legs
No antennae
Mouthparts have pincers
Live on land
Myriapods Ð- e.g centipede, millipede
lots of legs (over 8 pairs but can have as many as 750 pairs)
one pair of antennae
lots of segments
Insects Ð- e.g grasshopper, cockroach
three pairs of legs
one pair of antennae
body divided into 3 parts
usually 2 pairs of wings
[B02] CELLULAR ORGANISATION AND FUNCTION
All living organisms are made up of cells, which are the smallest units of living matter. There are animals cells and plant cells and they all share basic features of organisation that allow them to carry out their functions.
ANIMAL CELL Ð-
PLANT CELL Ð-
Cells can divide to make more cells, so that animals and plants can grow, repair their tissues & reproduce. (mitosis)
Tissues Ð-
A group of cells of the same sort and do the same particular job (specialized) make up a tissue.
Muscles are tissues that contain cells that have become specialized muscle cells. Muscles are a type of tissue that can tighten up and relax.
Organs Ð-
Different tissues combine to make organs which have a