Witchcraft Review
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Chapter 1
Anthropological perspective means many things. It is an approach that compares human societies throughout the world–contemporary and historical, industrial and tribal

Anthropology: refers to the study of humanity. However, anthropology shares this subject matter with other disciplines–sociology, psychology, history and political science. It differs from other studies as it is an integrated study of humanity. E.g Marriage-many disciplines study marriage – anthropologist belief to truly understand marriage requires an understanding of all aspects of society. This can be viewed as a holistic approach

Holism- the study of human societies as systematic sums of their parts, as integrated wholes
Four fields of anthropology
Physical anthropology: is the study of human biology and evolution. Interested in genetics, evolutionary theory, biology and behavior of primates, evolutionary origin.

Archeology: is the study of people who are known only from their physical and cultural remains, gives us insight to an extinct societies
Linguistic anthropology: is devoted to the study of language, as it is unique feature of humans.
Cultural anthropology: is the study of contemporary human societies and makes up the largest area of anthropological study. They study peoples social organization, economic, technology, political organization, marriage, family life

Holistic Approach
Requires a great deal of time to observe human behavior and time to interview members of society
Anthropologist complete long term studies of small and remote communities
Maintain limited focus
Views human behavior as complex set of interacting behaviors and ideas
Anthropologists take part in participation observation which is a research method whereby the anthropologist lives in a community and participates in the lives of the people under study while at the same time making objective observations. They study the broad range of human beliefs and behaviors, to discover what it means to be human.

Anthropologists are introduced to small communities such as foraging bands, small horticultural villages and groups of pastoral nomads.
They interact with small-scale groups- small communities, villages, and bands
Some questions an anthropologist may ask are: are there characteristics that are found in all human societies, what we might call human universal?
Key Terms
Foraging bands: small communities that subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plant foods
Horticultural: the use of cultivated domesticated plants without the use of fertilizers, plows, irrigation, and other agricultural technologies
Pastoral nomads: Societies that subsist primarily by herding domesticated animals
Human Universal: characteristics found in all humans
The Study of Human Societies
Ethnography is the descriptive study of human societies. People who study human societies and write ethnographies about them are cultural anthropologist, sometimes referred to as ethnographers

Ethnographic present: discuss these groups and people in the present tense as they were first described by ethnographers
Ethnographers: a person who produces ethnography
To understand the communities, their nature and distribution, we organize these societies into cultural areas. Cultural area is a geographical area in which societies tend to share many cultural traits. This occurs because these groups face similar challenges from the environment.

Besides geographical distribution, anthropologists organize societies in terms of their subsistence strategy, focusing on how they make a living. E.g. foragers, horticulturalist, pastoralists and agriculturalist

Foragers: people without any form of plant or animal domestication
Horticulturalist: people who garden in absence of fertilization, irrigation and advanced technologies.
Pastoralists: are people whose primary livelihood comes from herding of domesticated animals
Agriculturalists: People, who plow, fertilize and irrigate their crops
An anthropologist or any scholar cannot be completely neutral and objective when describing a culture. Observation, recording and analysis involve processing data in ones mind. Ones culture, education, training and other factors will act as a filter or lens that colors what are thought of as objective observations.

Anthropologist must often take part in etic observations. Etic perspective: the study of society using concepts that were developed outside of the culture. Advantages to this approach are: outside analyst might see patterns of behavior or beliefs in a culture that the members might be unaware of

Emic perspective is one that attempts to view the world through the eyes of people being studied
Key Terms
Divination: supernatural techniques of obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future
Divination ritual: a ritual that is used for the purpose of divination
Cultural Relativism
Cultural relativism: is attempting to analyze and understand cultures other that ones without judging them in terms of ones own culture.
Often, individuals use ones own culture as the basis for interpreting and judging other cultures, this is called ethnocentrism
Anthropologist must attempt to remain neutral and accept the ways of life of other communities as appropriate for those who live in these communities. Attempt to describe and understand these peoples customs and ideas without judgment

Post Modernism
Historically, to use science as a means to discover knowledge, truth and progress was termed modernity. Modernity: a philosophical movement based on ideas of rationality, objectivity, reason and

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Anthropologist Belief And Human Societies. (June 9, 2021). Retrieved from https://www.freeessays.education/anthropologist-belief-and-human-societies-essay/