Essay Preview: Ipod
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When Apple CEO Steve Jobs took the stage to deliver a candid commencement speech at Stanford this past June, a plane flew over the stadium with a banner that read: “Steve — dont be a mini player — recycle all e-waste.”
This was the latest stunt by the Computer Take-Back Campaign (CTBC), an environmental crusade supported by activist groups who have criticized Apple for lagging behind the rest of the computer industry in its recycling efforts.
The planes banner referred to Apples recent announcement that it will now accept iPods for free recycling at all of its stores in exchange for 10 percent off the purchase of a new iPod. Until June, organizations like the CTBC and the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition (SVTC) roundly denounced Apple for charging $100 to replace the battery in its highly successful mp3 players.
While Apples latest attempt was seen as a small step toward greener pastures, it didnt assuage activist concerns. “Were glad to hear that Apple will accept its problematic iPods for free recycling,” said Robin Schneider, vice-president of CTBC, “but we are calling on Mr. Jobs to offer free recycling for all of their old products.”
Electronic waste, or e-waste, refers to all consumer electronic products that are ready to be discarded into the waste stream. Once these devices are deposited into landfills, toxic substances leach into the earth and into the water supply. According to a recent study from the Government Accountability Office, 50 million computers become outdated each year, and studies suggest that between 315 and 600 million desktop and laptop computers will soon be obsolete.
In its semiannual report [PDF] to Congress from November 2004, the Environmental Protection Agency concluded that the piles of e-waste are growing three times faster than normal municipal waste. Our ever-growing reliance on computers makes them particularly dangerous as e-waste, then, because their cathode ray tubes, circuit boards and monitors contain toxins like mercury, cadmium and lead. The CTBC claims that e-waste accounts for approximately 40 percent of these three toxins that end up landfills, noting that “just 1/70th of a teaspoon of mercury can contaminate 20 acres of a lake, making the fish unfit to eat.”
Unfortunately, the EPA estimates that only 10 percent of e-waste is recycled annually. Even more upsetting, though, are the conditions in which some of these materials are recycled. While some firms operate under strict environmental regulations with adequate protocols to protect workers health, many do not.
E-Waste Goes Global
In 2002, the Basel Action Network (BAN) along with the SVTC released a groundbreaking, heartrending investigation called Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia [PDF].
BAN found that 50 to 80 percent of e-waste collected in the western U.S. for recycling is actually exported to countries like China, India, and Pakistan. The investigative team witnessed the toxic dumping of lead-laden cathode ray tubes in open fields and rivers not far from populated areas, the open burning of plastics and wires, and exposure to toxic solders from circuit boards. They also documented hundreds of thousands of migrant workers (men, women and children), who were forced to break apart and process obsolete computers, completely unaware of the health and environmental hazards involved.
The startling findings of BANs investigation explain why the CTBC and SVTC have been so vocal in protesting Apples recycling policies. “We want Apple to be a leader in our take-back campaign,” said Barbara Kyle, CTBC campaign coordinator. “Its surprising theyre so resistant as a Think Different company.” At a recent Apple shareholders meeting at the Apple headquarters in Cupertino, CA, their concerns were finally heard. With protestors outside, Steve Jobs broke from his comments to refute SVTCs allegations one by one, adding, “To say were insensitive or irresponsible is just bullshit.”
But while environmental groups have been squeezing Apple from the outside, non-profit organization As You Sow has been working on Apple and other industry leaders from within. Dedicated to promoting corporate social responsibility, As You Sow represents shareholders, engaging in dialogues with companies on social and economic issues. In a memo on Apples computer recycling performance, As You Sow stated, “We have urged Apple, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, and IBM to take responsibility for most or all of the cost of product recycling; to reach an industry-wide agreement on infrastructure for efficient product take-back; and to develop better systems for safe, transparent breakdown and recycling of products.”
Tons o Fun
As shareholder advocates, As You Sow asked these tech giants to adopt better environmental policies that prohibit the dumping of e-waste. Dell was the first corporation to step up to the table, soon to be followed by HP. After working with these two companies between 2002 and 2004, Dell recovered computers and peripheral equipment weighing a total of over 15,500 tons. HP recycled well over 100,000 tons. On the other hand, Apple did not make a similar pledge to As You Sow, and only managed to recycle about 1,500 tons of e-waste in 2002 and a comparable amount in 2003. IBM has also pursued their own recycling methods, and processed 68,831 tons of e-waste worldwide in 2003, sending 1,112 tons of that total to landfills.
“Fifteen-hundred tons a year is a start,” Barbara Kyle said of Apple, “but its just not the kind of comprehensive program that were looking for.” Apple spokesman Fletcher Cook defended his companys environmental stance in an interview. “Apple takes recycling and the environment very seriously,”