The Effects Of The Atomic Bomb
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The Atomic Bomb: Effects on Hiroshima and Mankind
The nuclear bomb was the most devastating weapon ever created by man. It was developed between 1942 and 1945 during the second World War. The project to build the worlds first atomic weapon was called The Manhattan Project. The nuclear bomb was based on the idea of splitting an atom to create energy, this is called fission. Three bombs were created, “Trinity”, “Little Boy”, and “Fat Man”. “Trinity” was dropped on a test site in New Mexico on July 16, 1945, proving the theories, engineering and mathematics of the bomb to be correct. Shortly after that, not more than 2 months, the U.S. performed the first actual nuclear attack in the history of war. The bomb “Little Boy” was dropped on the town of Hiroshima, instantly killing thousands. “Fat Man” was dropped shortly after on the town of Nagasaki. After the bombing almost all scientist involved with the creation of the bomb regretted its construction and spoke out against the abolishment of nuclear weapons.
The Manhattan Project was led by American physicists J. Robert Oppenheimer and directed by General Leslie Graves. The project employed over 130,000 people and the total cost by the end of production was nearly 2 billion dollars, 20 billion dollars in todays currency. Oppenheimers early education was at the Ethnical Culture School in New York. He took classes in math and science and many languages such as Greek, Latin, French, and German. He learned Dutch in only six weeks to give a speech in the Netherlands. He was also interested in classic and eastern philosophy.
In 1939 rumor came to the U.S. that Germans had split the atom. The threat of the Nazis developing a nuclear weapon prompted President Roosevelt to establish The Manhattan Project. Oppenheimer set up a research lab in Los Alamos, New Mexico and brought the best minds in physics to work on the problem of creating a nuclear weapon. Although most the research and development was done in Los Alamos, there were over 30 other research locations throughout the project. After watching the first nuclear bomb test Oppenheimer was quoted as saying simply “It works.”.
Now that the atomic bomb was proven to work the next question was where to drop it. Specialists in many fields were called on by the U.S. Army to help them decide on the best target for the atomic bomb. They considered many things while selecting the target such as the range the aircraft had to carry the bomb, the morale effect on the enemy, military importance of the target, and the geography of the target. The Army also wanted to be able to see the bombing take place (“visual bombing”) so the weather conditions had to be almost perfect, they wanted to witness the effects of the weapon.
They also looked for closely built wooden frame structures that were easily susceptible to fire since the blast was expected to be the leading cause of damage while fire was to be second. The scientists in the Manhattan Project expected the blast radius to be around 1 mile therefore the target should have a densely built up area of that size. Also considered was the damage done by previous bombings, the target should have minimal damage by previous bombings so the effects of the bomb could be more accurately measured. After long analysis the Army chose Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the best possible targets.
The city of Hiroshima is almost entirely flat, just above sea level and located on the Ota river. This was the perfect target geographically since it is flat and fully exposed to the blast from the bomb. Seventy-five percent of the population were jammed into a densely built area at the center of the city. Hiroshima was a highly important military target. The Japanese 2nd Army was headquartered there, this commanded all Japanese defense in southern Japan. The city was also a communications center, storage point and troop assembly area.
Outside the center of town the area was packed with small wooden workshops and wooden houses. Most industrial buildings in the area were also built with wooden frame construction. This made the city as a whole highly susceptible to fire. The population in Hiroshima had a peak of 380,000 but at the time of the bombing the population is suspected to be around 255,000 or approximately the same number of people that occupy Dallas, Texas.
At about 8:15 a.m. on Monday, August 6th, 1945, “Little Boy” was dropped on the city of Hiroshima. It exploded at a height of 2,000 feet. The bomb was dropped by a plane by the name of the Enola Gay. Co-pilot Robert Lewis reported that after the explosion he could taste the nuclear fission, he said that it tasted like lead. The damage from