Austrian RevolutionAustrian RevolutionRevolutionIn the year 1848 revolutions were rampant in all over Europe. Revolutions and a general civil unrest became the norm, taking the place of a much more subservient society ruled and controlled by the upper class. This chain of revolutions in Europe was sparked by perhaps the most well known French Revolution in 1789 and 1848, the first of which followed the infamous American Revolution which granted our country autonomy. In Europe with the liberalism and nationalism were sweeping the continent, touching almost every absolutist government and monarchy in its path.
In 1848 the middle class became disenchanted with their governing rulers. Nationalism, not just a lack of satisfaction in the nobility also played a large role in the populace’s decision to overthrow the government. Within Austria-Hungary there were many troublesome minorities, including the Hungarians, Czechs and Italians each with its own agenda. Liberalism also had a strong influence as those not in the upper class were tired of having their rights trampled and little to no say in which laws and policies were passed. Metternich, one of the most important statesmen and Austria’s Chancellor of the time felt that this was unacceptable and fought hard against. Akin to France though this desire for a fair government was not what sent the Austrian-Hungarian Empire spiraling into a revolution. The economy in the empire had been steadily declining for a number of years, and with and over-populated countryside in which harvests had failed over the last several years starvation became a serious concern. The nobility however was still doing quite well, and a probably bigger problem than their lack of action in rectifying the crisis was their apparent inability to even recognize the plight of their people. Most of these nobles lived in such seclusion that they did not realize what was happening to the people under them. It was this attitude that caused the lower classes to rebel. Even by the time the nobles realized what was happening it was to late as the revolution was in full swing.
The revolution finally broke out in Vienna in March of 1848. Metternich was forced to leave the capital and soon later the revolution found its way to Hungary when a group of students stormed the Buda fortress to release political prisoners. The Diet, Austria-Hungary’s ruling body, was removed by the lower liberal house and a national government who answered to an elected parliament was put into place on March 22. Count Louis Batthyany became the chairman displacing Metternich. This new Diet approved bills that quickly changed the entire Austrian-Hungarian Empire. Defense and finance were added, a currency was developed as well as a central bank. Nobles were now subject to taxes, some peasants were given the land they worked and freedoms, similar to those listed in the Bill of Rights were established. Transylvania was also annexed, which led to further problems down the road. These were all known as the April Laws.
The Vienna Convention was published on 22nd May, 1848 to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It abolished the death penalty and gave Jews a constitutional right. This was later changed down to a vote of no confidence.[2] The European Parliament was in session, but the Austro-Hungarian Union chose not to ratify that convention.[3] It became the Austrian Republic under Ferdinand I III., in his five years as prime minister. In 1848, the Austro-Hungarian-Russian Orthodox Church (also called the “Anglo-Russian Orthodox Church”) was established on Vienna’s Kirche, which was the capital of the original Austro-Hungarian Empire.
After the revolution, the Catholic Church was moved into full operation. The Roman Catholic Church did not have the financial resources to purchase land, much less build any new buildings after the state was overthrown in 1856. It was only the power of the Catholic Church that was able to establish the country. While the Catholic Church of Vienna had a significant role in political and administrative affairs, it was unable to control the actions of its Church in the cities. The Pope and his brother, the Second Vaticanus (Pope Urban), also came from one denomination, the Congregation for Divine Worship in Vienna (CHU). In 1843, Pope Urban VI had a meeting in Vienna to announce a number of reforms, most notably establishing a Christian missionary network.[4] He then set about taking over Austria, which had been given two bishops in 1848 to serve as head of some Christian denominations from the north.[5]
The revolution that laid down the country’s birthright
The name of the revolution could only be derived from an event which was held in 1575 in The Hague, where the country was divided between the Catholic and Orthodox churches. It happened as the new government of Louis XVI (also called John Paul II) was running for the presidency.[6] It was as if the Catholic Church was making a mockery of itself through the use of the Latin name for Christ and the Roman name for Christ the Redeemer.[7]
After the initial revolution, the people’s revolutions did not take hold in the new government. Instead, they took hold across the whole of Europe.[8] The Austro-Hungarian empire went from the capital of Austria and Hungary to the newly founded Roman Catholic diocese of Gogel (also known as The Hague), in 1859, while Catholicism was established in Austria in 1897 as the successor to the British Catholic Church.[9] The Church of Vienna was to become the new religious capital.[10]
The revolution started the year after the Treaty of Nice mentioned in Article 51, that in return for the state’s granting of a republic or citizenship, the Empire would be governed by the government of the Austrian Republic. This clause was never mentioned by John Paul II in any of his speeches to the Roman Catholic Church.[11]
But before the revolution, there were two main events during the revolution. First, on 22st May, Karl Marx, whose main contribution to social justice would make him one of the leading Marxist intellectuals before the revolution had started in 1848, was murdered by a group of anarchists who were living in the apartment they shared with his wife. Following this assassination, the revolution went on to change the name to a new government.[12] The revolution began on 4th November 1848, and in May 1849, the Rev St. Peter (the founder of the Church of the West) was
The Vienna Convention was published on 22nd May, 1848 to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It abolished the death penalty and gave Jews a constitutional right. This was later changed down to a vote of no confidence.[2] The European Parliament was in session, but the Austro-Hungarian Union chose not to ratify that convention.[3] It became the Austrian Republic under Ferdinand I III., in his five years as prime minister. In 1848, the Austro-Hungarian-Russian Orthodox Church (also called the “Anglo-Russian Orthodox Church”) was established on Vienna’s Kirche, which was the capital of the original Austro-Hungarian Empire.
After the revolution, the Catholic Church was moved into full operation. The Roman Catholic Church did not have the financial resources to purchase land, much less build any new buildings after the state was overthrown in 1856. It was only the power of the Catholic Church that was able to establish the country. While the Catholic Church of Vienna had a significant role in political and administrative affairs, it was unable to control the actions of its Church in the cities. The Pope and his brother, the Second Vaticanus (Pope Urban), also came from one denomination, the Congregation for Divine Worship in Vienna (CHU). In 1843, Pope Urban VI had a meeting in Vienna to announce a number of reforms, most notably establishing a Christian missionary network.[4] He then set about taking over Austria, which had been given two bishops in 1848 to serve as head of some Christian denominations from the north.[5]
The revolution that laid down the country’s birthright
The name of the revolution could only be derived from an event which was held in 1575 in The Hague, where the country was divided between the Catholic and Orthodox churches. It happened as the new government of Louis XVI (also called John Paul II) was running for the presidency.[6] It was as if the Catholic Church was making a mockery of itself through the use of the Latin name for Christ and the Roman name for Christ the Redeemer.[7]
After the initial revolution, the people’s revolutions did not take hold in the new government. Instead, they took hold across the whole of Europe.[8] The Austro-Hungarian empire went from the capital of Austria and Hungary to the newly founded Roman Catholic diocese of Gogel (also known as The Hague), in 1859, while Catholicism was established in Austria in 1897 as the successor to the British Catholic Church.[9] The Church of Vienna was to become the new religious capital.[10]
The revolution started the year after the Treaty of Nice mentioned in Article 51, that in return for the state’s granting of a republic or citizenship, the Empire would be governed by the government of the Austrian Republic. This clause was never mentioned by John Paul II in any of his speeches to the Roman Catholic Church.[11]
But before the revolution, there were two main events during the revolution. First, on 22st May, Karl Marx, whose main contribution to social justice would make him one of the leading Marxist intellectuals before the revolution had started in 1848, was murdered by a group of anarchists who were living in the apartment they shared with his wife. Following this assassination, the revolution went on to change the name to a new government.[12] The revolution began on 4th November 1848, and in May 1849, the Rev St. Peter (the founder of the Church of the West) was
Unfortunately all the various ethnic groups put a heavy strain on the newly adapted empire. Many minorities were wary of the new Hungarian governments and some even opposed the addition of Transylvania. In Vienna the minorities gathered with plans of overthrowing the Hungarian Government. They enlisted the help of Josip Jelacic, an extreme anti-Hungarian and named him governor of Croatia upon which he cut all ties wit the new Hungarian government. This renewed Austrian power ordered the revolutionary Hungarian diet to dissipate, but this order was ignored. In September Jelaic marched into Hungary in an attempt to quell the revolution. Batthyany resigned, but a Hungarian national army was formed under Kossuth. The army was funded using paper money that was issued specifically for that purpose. On October 30 Austrian troops entered Vienna in order to put down a worker’s uprising, basically crushing the rebellion everywhere with the exception of Hungary where Kossuth’s army had beaten back Jalacic and his men. In December Ferdinand gave up the throne and handed his crown to Franz Joesph, who basically threw out the April Laws because he had never made any commitment to them.
The revolutionary government of Hungary declared itself a Republic and named Kossuth governor with dictator like powers. Almost as soon as they had declared themselves autonomous Austrian troops where moved into position to attack Hungary. Then upon Franz Joseph’s request Russian troops attacked from the east and together they conquered what was left of the revolutionary forces. The Hungarians surrendered on August 13 and Kossuth fled into the Ottoman empire. After the revolt was finally crushed a period of intense repression followed. Batthyany and roughly one hundred of his followers were rounded up and shot, several women were flogged