Bipolarity
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Bipolarity
This spring break I went to the Florida Keys with my friend Dan Granger. His uncle let us stay at his house, which I thought was cool. His wife told us how nice it was going to be to have us there. Then she told us how well everything was going with them. Which I didnt really care but I listened anyway.
Come to find out that Dans uncles wife is bipolar. I had never met anybody who had a bipolar disorder. She seemed fine when I talked to her but then while we were eating she started to cry. I freaked out when she yelled she couldnt take this anymore. Luckily Dans uncle wasnt there so I just played it off as nothing. Then she started to tell Dan and I how bad off they were and that they were going bankrupt. After that I talked to Dans uncle and he told me that she does this once in a while. He thought that I knew before I came down there. I guess Dan just forgot to warn me. Now on with the good stuff.
Bipolarity was only a theory at best in the 16th and 17th century when Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh suffered from bipolar disorder. It appears that there are many people with the disorder yet, no true causes or cures for the disorder. Bipolarity severely undermines their ability to obtain and sustain social and occupational success. However, the journey for the causes and cures for the Bipolarity must continue.
Affective disorders are primarily characterized by depressed mood, elevated mood or (mania), or alternations of depressed and elevated moods. The classical term is manic-depressive; a newer term is Bipolarity. The two are interchangeable.
Milder forms of a depressive syndrome are called dysthymic disorder, mild forms of mania are hypomania and the milder expressions of Bipolarity are called cyclothymic disorders. The use of the term primary disorder refers to the individuals who had no previous disorders or else only episodes of mania or depression. Secondary affective disorder refers to patients with preexisting psychological illness other than depression or mania (Goodwin, Guze. 1989, p.7
Bipolarity affects approximately one percent or three million persons in the United States, afflicting both males and females. Bipolarity involves episodes of mania and depression. The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless or irresponsible behavior (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). These episodes may alternate with profound depressions characterized by a pervasive sadness, almost inability to move, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, in concentrations and driving.
Bipolarity is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or not (Goodwin, Guze, 1989, p 11). Most commonly, individuals with manic episodes experience a period of depression. Mood is either elated, expansive, or irritable, hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated self esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessive involvement in activities with high potential for painful consequences. Rarest symptoms were periods of loss of all interest and retardation or agitation (Weisman, 1991).
As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (NDMDA) has demonstrated, bipolarity can create substantial developmental delays, marital and family disruptions, occupational setbacks, and financial disasters. This devastating disease causes disruptions of families, loss of jobs and millions of dollars in cost to society. Many times bipolar patients report that the depressions are longer and increase in frequency as the individual ages. Many times bipolar in a psychotic state are misdiagnosed as schizophrenic. Speech patterns help distinguish between the two disorders (Lish, 1994).
The onset of Bipolarity usually occurs between the ages of 20 and 30 years of age, with a second peak in the mid-forties for women, but has been seen in the early teens. A typical bipolar patient may experience eight to ten episodes in their lifetime. However, those who have rapid cycling may experience more episodes of mania and depression that succeed each other without a period of remission (DSM IV ).
The three stages of mania begin with hypomania, which people report that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive. The hypomania has led observers to feel that bipolar patients are “addicted” to their mania. Hypomania progresses into mania as the transition is marked by loss of judgment. Euphoric characters are recognized as well as a paranoid or irritable character begins to manifest. The third stage of mania is evident when the patient experiences delusions with often paranoid themes. Speech is generally rapid and behavior manifests with hyperactivity.
When manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same time it is called a mixed episode. These people are a special risk because of the combination of hopelessness, agitation and anxiety make them feel like they “could jump out of their skin”(Hirschfeld, 1995). Up to 50% of all patients with mania have a mixture of depressed moods. Patients report feeling very dysphoric, depressed and unhappy, yet exhibit the energy associated with mania. Rapid cycling mania is yet another presentation of bipolarity. Mania may be present with four or more distinct episodes within a 12 month period. There is now evidence to suggest that sometimes rapid cycling may be a transient manifestation of the disorder.
Lithium has been the primary treatment of bipolar disorder since its introduction in the 1960s. It is main function is to stabilize the cycling characteristic of bipolarity. In four controlled studies by F. K. Goodwin and K. R. Jamison, the overall response rate for bipolar subjects treated with Lithium was 78% (1990). Lithium is also the primary drug used for long- term maintenance of bipolar disorder. In a majority of bipolar patients, it lessens the duration, frequency, and severity of the episodes of both mania and depression. Unfortunately, there are up to 40% of bipolar patients who are either unresponsive to lithium or who cannot tolerate the side effects. Some of the side effects include thirst, weight gain, nausea, diarrhea, and edema. Which I dont blame them for refusing to tolerate them. People who are unresponsive to lithium treatment are often those who experience dysphoric mania, mixed states, or rapid cycling bipolarity.
Among the problems associated with lithium includes the fact the long-term lithium treatment has been associated with decreased thyroid functioning in patients with bipolarity. Preliminary evidence also suggest that hypothyroidism may actually lead to rapid-cycling (Bauer et al., 1990). Another problem associated