Republic
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In a broad definition, a republic is a state or country that is led by people whose political power is based on principles that are not beyond the control of the people of that state or country. Several definitions, including that of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, stress the importance of autonomy and the rule of law as part of the requirements for a republic. Often republics and monarchies are described as mutually exclusive. Defining a republic as a non-monarchy, the most common short definition is based on this idea. Although largely covering what is usually understood by a republic such definition has some borderline issues, for example while the distinction between monarchy and republic was not always made as it is in modern times, while oligarchies are traditionally considered neither monarchy nor republic, and while such definition depends very much on the monarch concept, which has various definitions, not making clear which of these is used for defining republic.
The detailed organization of republics governments can vary widely. The first section of this article gives an overview of the distinctions that characterize different types of non-fictional republics. The second section of the article gives short profiles of some of the most influential republics, by way of illustration. A more comprehensive List of republics appears in a separate article. The third section is about how republics are approached as state organizations in political science: in political theory and political science, the term “republic” is generally applied to a state where the governments political power depends solely on the consent, however nominal, of the people governed.
Like Anti-monarchism and religious differences, republicanism played no equal role in the emergence of the many actual republics. Up to the republics that originated in the late middle ages, even if, from what we know about them, they also can be qualified “republics” in a modern understanding of the word, establishing the kind and amount of “republicanism” that led to their emergence is often limited to educated guesswork, based on sources that are generally recognized to be partly fictitious reconstruction. Over time there were various mixtures of republicanism along with democratic theories of the rights of individuals, which (for instance in the Age of Enlightenment) would find expression in the formation of liberal and socialist parties.
The ancient concept of res publica, when applied to politics, had always implied that citizens on one level or another took part in governing the state: at least