Pornography and the New Media
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Pornography and New Media
Pornography, depending on how one defines it, has existed for thousands of years in the forms of picture, sculpture, performance, and writing. Over the centuries the advent of new media has broadened the flow of distribution of pornography and erotica to the masses, making it readily accessible. From the printing press, to photography, to film, each new medium has provoked a call for censorship from concerned citizens during the early stages of its existence. Pornography has taken major steps, particularly in the last fifty years: Playboy, the first magazine of its type, produced its first issue in 1955; pornographic film gained widespread popularity in the 1970s; the invention of the VCR allowed consumers to view film pornography in the privacy of their homes, thus expanding its audience; and the latest medium, the Internet, has revolutionized the industry by offering an infinite range of porn styles and accessibility to the adult entertainment empire. The broad reach of the Internet, however, is by no means a purely positive step; it has already begun to negatively impact its consumers in many ways.
The Internet offers a means of reaching millions of consumers who can purchase and view porn in virtual anonymity. The necessity of embarrassing trips to sex shops and other public admissions to ones private life can now be completely avoided. Just about anything one could want to see–from mainstream pornography, to peculiar fetishes–are available for purchase or download over the world wide web, usually with little more consequence than a monthly fee. The increased anonymity and accessibility expands porns audience to professionals, politicians, and teenagers, who would otherwise be concerned about being caught.
The vastness and anonymity of the Internet makes the regulation of pornography very difficult. Material can be mass distributed by anyone with a website or an email address at an extremely low cost. The Internet is a particularly effective venue for amateur pornography because of the remarkably cheap cost of production and numerous possibilities for distribution. Because Internet cannot be contained within states, or even countries, there is little the government can do to control content without hindering first amendment rights, despite past attempts.
The most aggressive attempt at internet control was made in 1996 with the development of the Communications Decency Act (CDA) which proposed to make it illegal to send “indecent material by the Internet into others computers” (Wilkins 1996). While the bill passed through congress quickly, it was immediately attacked as unconstitutional under the first amendment. The famous case of Reno v. ACLU, the Supreme Court ruled that the act was unconstitutional and the law was never put into place. The primary argument being that, while the CDA aimed to protect people, particularly minors, from exposure to pornographic material, it could not do so without impinging on adults freedom of speech (Wilkins, 1996). Preexisting laws pertaining to obscenity and child pornography, neither of which is protected by the first amendment, were broadened to include the Internet. Even in that case, however, enforcement of the law is extremely difficult given the nature of the medium. Charles Hogg notes, “In the meantime, the most offensive of the material remains illegal in the United States, and problems with this material on the Internet remain a matter of enforcement rather than a matter of legality” (Hogg, 1999).
The use of Internet pornography needs to be regulated. Although I am an advocate of first amendments rights, and thought some the anti-pornography logic in our readings was ridiculous, the ramifications of qualifying the first amendment outweigh the negative impact that widespread Internet pornography has inured. There is little control over who views the pornography; a child can easily find their way on to a porn site. Friends and I found our way into obscene Internet chat rooms and private chats by age 11, and viewed cyber sex as a game. More disturbing is the fact that children can very easily stumble onto porn unintentionally, perhaps doing research about government and typing in whitehouse.com instead of whitehouse.gov. Luckily whitehouse.com is a buffered Internet site where one has to actively read a disclaimer and click a link before being exposed to material. This, however, is not always the case.
Internet porn has become frighteningly aggressive in its advertising techniques in recent years. E-mail advertisements alone can be an overwhelming aggressor. For example, I checked my own junk mail folder, and in the past week I had received over 200 sexually related, unsolicited email advertisements. Of those, more than 80 contain sexually explicit