Prospect Of Democracy In Burma
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The Prospect of Democracy in Burma
The prospect for the development of a democratic state in Burma has recently become a remote possibility. Burmas military leaders have been holding talks with the opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and her party, the National League for Democracy (NLD). The dialogue started while Aung San Suu Kyi was still under house arrest. When she was released in 2002, the international community and the people of Burma expected the process to evolve to the next stage – substantive political negotiations. However, the whole process has stalled. Burmas military remain in control.
In justifying the hiatus, the Burmese military leaders engage in various forms of platitudinous rhetoric, carefully designed to obfuscate their totalitarian intent. The theme of this rhetoric is that the country is undergoing a transition toward a multi-party democracy. Burmas influential intelligence chief, General Khin Nyunt, has warned that “such a transition cannot be done in haste or in a haphazard manner. The world is full of examples where hasty transition from one system to another led to unrest, instability and even failed states” .
However, this linguistic charade is not consistently maintained. Burmas generals have made disturbing pronouncements that overtly envision a highly compromised, paternalistic democracy. They assert that any democracy in Burma must incorporate Asian values, and is therefore incompatible with Western models of democracy. The generals have proved recalcitrant in the face of international pressure, and persist with their particularly Burmese variant of democracy. Nyunt recently said that “The democracy we seek to build may not be identical to the West but it will surely be based on universal principles of liberty, justice and equality”. It is more than likely that Burmas military rulers are now looking at the Chinese political model as the basis of their new constitution.
This rhetoric, centered around various abstractions and elaborations of political vision, is calculated to distract from the decidedly non-democratic Burmese political reality. What has actually been happening is that the countrys top military leader – Senior General Than Shwe – has strengthened his control over both the army and the administrative structure. Ever since the arrest of four members of the former military dictator General Ne Wins family in early 2002, it appears that Than Shwe is intent on establishing and cementing his own personal dynasty. In line with this agenda, Shwe dismissed two top generals accused of being heavily involved in corruption. He then made major changes within the army high command, transferring 10 out of 12 of the countrys regional commanders, who exert almost complete authority in the areas under their control. They have been replaced by officers whose allegiance to Than Shwe is unquestioned . As a senior military officer has said:
“General intends to hold onto power for another 10 years. He is prepared to talk to the opposition leader, work with the NLD in an interim administration, and even consider power-sharing at some point, but his main strategy is to drag the dialogue process out and retain power as long as possible” .
The nepotistic trend of recent promotions in the army is a clear indication that the military leadership in Burma does not intend relinquishing power to any form of popular representation. More than pursuing the consolidation of military power, General Than Shwe appears to be consolidating a lineage of his own, which models the Ne Win dynasty. This nepotism is flamboyantly displayed – Than Shwe is now often accompanied on his official travels around the country by his teenage grandson, who has even been wearing military uniform .
This public display of his personal agenda is underlined by Than Shwes public pronouncements. A senior Asian politician recently asked the general how he saw Burmas political game – between the army and the pro-democracy opposition – working out in the future. He replied “Youve got it all wrong. We are the umpire not one of the teams in the match” .
Despite the obstinate attitude of Burmas military leadership, moves towards political discussions are still being encouraged by the United Nations, which has consistently demanded that the regime improve its human rights record and institute political negotiations with pro-democracy leaders. For the past 12 years, a special rapporteur on human rights in Burma has compiled annual reports, which have been tabled at the UN General Assembly. These reports have been the principal basis for the UN resolutions -adopted unanimously every year – that urge Burmas government to respect human rights, free all political prisoners, and honour the election results of 1990 that would have seen pro-democracy candidate Aung San Suu Kyi assume power .
The 1990 elections remain one of the most contentious unresolved issues of Burmese politics. The Burmese military had honoured the outgoing military dictator Ne Wins 1988 promise to hold national elections, which saw the NLD swept the elections on 27 May 1990, winning over 80 percent of the seats. However, the military regime then reneged on its promise to honour the election results and held onto power despite international condemnation and large scale protests throughout Burma.
Such political and human rights outrages have provoked reactions which extend beyond the UN to more direct regional protest. The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) has urged the military leadership in Burma to become more progressive.
This cumulative international pressure has proved significant in improving the chances of democratization for Burma. Razali Ismails, special envoy for the UN, convinced the generals that they should release Aung San Suu Kyi if they wanted to end their international isolation. The import of this priority was to build confidence between the dissident NLD leader and the generals to overcome mutual suspicion. For the NLD, the main demands were the immediate release of all political prisoners, the reopening of the party offices, and assurance that party members would be allowed to function without being harassed or intimidated by the military authorities.
The general expectation was that with the release of Burmas most prominent political figure, national reconciliation would progress to a phase of substantive political dialogue. Suu Kyi told a news conference in Rangoon immediately after she was released that “both sides agree that the confidence-building phase is now over. The authorities have said they look forward to moving to a more significant stage of the talks” . However, since her release, there