Counter ReformationEssay Preview: Counter ReformationReport this essayIn order to understand the Counter Reformation one must consider the political factors and motivators behind them as well as the belief factors when examining clashes with the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church during 16th century experienced a reformation that was both politically and belief driven. The Catholic Reformation also known as the Counter Reformation allowed the church to clearly define its position, eliminate unchristian practices and examine its role in world.
This paper will address the political motivators of the Counter Reformation, the unchristian practices that fueled corruption and the clearly defined religious concerns of reformers. It will establish that the use of patronage and nepotism ultimately undermined the spiritual piety of the church. Also, the movements that brought spirituality back to the church will be addressed along with those movements that led to separation from church. In detailing the events and character of this era and analyzing the outcomes of reform it will be concluded that the Counter Reformation was the beginning of a stronger church and an end to an era that quite possibly could have led to the dissolution of the Catholic Church.
One must understand the political make up of the Catholic Church during this period prior to addressing the reforms to the church. The church was far more than a religious institution. The Catholic Church was supreme in Europe. The power of the pope was total and this was supplemented by the power the Holy Roman Emperor had as temporal defender of the Catholic Church. Even though the church had no determinate territory it was a state. It had a monarch as a pope, it princes in prelates and its subjects in Western Christendom. It had legislative assemblies in ecumenical councils, a constitution in cannon law, and fiscal agency in the Curia. It went to war, negotiated treaties and collected taxies. The church was the Holy Roman Empire with a stronghold throughout Europe. But this would quickly change.(www.History)
At the time of the reformation there was great concern that the Old Church with all its history and tradition was in trouble. This concern came from both within the church and outside the church. Protestant and Catholic reformers alike were troubled by the corruption in the church and its inner workings. Reformers saw that the Christian faith had in many ways been taken captive by a religious system more interested in politics and social accomplishment than in following the example of Christ. They saw the church and its leadership filled with corruption and greed. The Renaissance popes who led the church were not spiritual leaders. Those at the top of the clergy were wealthy and lived lavish lifestyles. They indulged in nepotism, power politics and patronage. Furthermore, the priests at the bottom were poor and unable to administer to the multiple parishes in their charge. Thus it can be said that Counter Reformation was a response to a need for clarity in purpose.
But also, one can also say that the Counter Reformation was a natural and necessary response to the Protestant reformation. Catholic reform was slow until after the Protestant Revolution began to make serious in roads upon the ancient faith. A variety of Protestant sects had made their ways into almost half the nations of the Europe by the 16th century. Catholics were dismayed by the great increase in unorthodoxy. Many claim that the Counter Reformation was initiated to win back lost souls. Thus it can be said that the Counter Reformation was a response to maintain and gain back the followers. (Bossy)
There were a variety of movements that initiated reform within the church. The Catholic Church during the Middles Ages had lost much as a religious institution. During this period ignorance and corruption in the church was insidious. One only has to look at the church leaders in Spain as evidence. Some priest didnt even understand the Latin in the mass, monks kept concubines and clerics ran taverns and brothels. In response steps were taken toward reform as early as the end of the 15th century. This initial reform from within started as a grassroots effort by zealous monastic groups. Reformers like Cardinal Jimenez realized that the only way to succeed in the war against heresy was to reform the church. Jimenez devoted his life to reforming and educating the clergy. His work came on the heals of the Spanish Inquisition. Through his works the Spanish church by the time of his death in 1517 rested on a moral foundation of iron. Yet Christianity throughout the rest of Europe was sinking deeper into scandal and corruption. (103TL)
Another initiative that led to reform was the revival of mysticism and monasticism. Both mysticism and monasticism gave the Churchs followers a more personal relationship with God. Actually one can look to Teresa of Avila as an example. Her reconversion to the faith led to the establishment of 17 convents of the Carmelite Order. Through her works a movement of Christianity arose that could be practiced and experienced from within the believer. This kind of reform was another factor why the Protestant movement did not take hold in Spain. Followers had faith that stressed personal devotion so why would they look to change faiths. (Bell and Sumner)
Like Spain reform had begun in the churchs strong hold Italy prior to the Counter Reformation. There were reasons that Protestantism did gain the firm foothold it gained in the north. “Most prosperous Italians were secularly and humanistically inclined and found little in the dour doctrines of the north to inspire a transfer of allegiance, they also saw Catholicism as a buttress of social order. The papacy was a cherished institution and the source of great wealth which few cared to see destroyed. Reform in Italy was largely motivated by monastic groups that were compelled to spread their religion and due good works”.(103Simon )
The revival of Monasticism strengthened during the Counter Reformation. The reforming monasteries were known to address the social and religious needs of the masses. Orders like the Capuchins, the Theatines, and the Barbanites began to appear. Probably the most important new order was the Society of Jesus. The Jesuits were founded by the great reformer Ignatius of Loyola. The Jesuits emphasized obedience to Christ and the Church of Rome. They devoted themselves to service to God. The Jesuits were a highly selective order and they only welcomed those who spirituality reflected Loyola. One must be willing to engage in unquestionable obedience to the Pope in this order. The mission of the Jesuits was to educate the young, lead the Protestant back to Catholicism and take the Catholic message to the world. The Jesuit Order made the church stronger in that it brought back standards of
Consequently, some of the key members of the Order are under the influence of the Freemasons — and so they are most likely to be part of the Revolt. But the Revolt seems to be primarily a revival of the Church and not a restoration of a monastic Order. When the church fell in the hands of the Grand Master, he was accused of destroying it. His downfall was soon blamed on a false declaration by the Pope on his part. There were, indeed, even accusations of treachery on all sides, which brought people on both sides together, but they quickly moved the question to the heart of how many people were involved in the persecution of the Church. What do we know about this alleged crime, and its effect on the Church? This is an important question, but is clear to anyone who has visited the Church, or has seen anyone who was involved at that time in the Reformation, as well as who knows history, how it changed in the last forty years, or who is familiar with the events there.
What are the exact causes of this persecution? We often hear the suggestion that the churches in the U.S. were under a religious pressure of pressure from the Pope, with the church fearing persecution from the Vatican. One of the most fundamental theories in religious apologetics is that the Church was pressured for a long time by the Church. In order to understand that, we must first consider whether the fear of heresy was widespread, and to recognize that the Church’s fears did not necessarily amount to a social pressure.
2. What was the initial motivation of the Church for her suppression? Why were there religious persecution in the U.S.?
Many accounts and official documents mention the Church’s persecution of the Protestant movements. The First Council of Nine was the largest Christian reform conference in U.S. history. The Church established new order, the New Orders of St. Andrew, and instituted the Churchwide Council to be held in 1682. It was held on March 23, 1682, but when the Protestant movements gained steam in England during the First World War, their influence was far more powerful than before.
The Protestant movement at the time was a reaction to the Great War. The leaders of that movement had strong personal ties with the Catholic Church, but especially to the Protestant Movement of 1679-83. The leaders of the First Council had strong personal links with the Protestant Movement of 1685-86.
The persecution had already reached a climax in the summer of 1686. On the day when the Protestant movement swept into New England, Pope Gregory XIII gave the final ultimatum to the Protestant movement. By the second session of the Council there was a full mobilization of Protestantism leading up to this crisis. The leaders of the Protestant Movement of 1686-87 responded by sending clergymen and clergymen from the Protestant Council to Paris, where they met with the Pope. The Pope gave the ultimatum of surrender for the Protestant movement in 1687. The Protestant Movement of 1686-87 reacted in many ways differently than the Protestant one. The leaders of the movement had also had a very strong personal stake of personal loyalty to the Protestant Movement.
As we have seen, early on in the year 1600, there was considerable tension within the Presbyterian movement. They were trying to get the Pope’s recognition in New England of the importance