The Central Inteligence Agency
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The Central Inteligence Agency
The CIA is one of the U.S. foreign inteligency agencies, responsible for getting and analyzing information about foreign government, corporations, individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. government. The State Departments Bureau or intelligence
and reserch and theDefense Departmentsdefense intelligence
agency comprise the other two. Its headquarters is inLangley, Virginia, across the Potomac River from D.C. The Agency, created in 1947 by President Harry S. Trueman, is a descendant of the Office of stratigic Services(OSS) of World War 2. The OSS was dissolved in October 1945 but William J. Jonavan, the creator of the OSS, had submitted a proposal to President Roosevelt in 1944. He called for a new organization having direct Presidential supervision, “which will procure intelligence both by overt and covert methods and will at the same time provide intelligence guidance, determine national intelligence objectives, and correlate the intelligence material collected by all government agencies.” Despite strong opposition from the military, the State Department, and the FBI, Truman established the Central Intelligence Group in January 1946. Later under the National Security Act of 1947, the National Security council and the Central Intelligence Agency were established.
In 1949, the Central Inteligence Agency Act (also called “Public Law 110”) was passed, permitting the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures and exempting it from many of the usual limitations on the use of federal funds. The act also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its “organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed.” It also created a program called “PL-110” to handle defectors and other “essential aliens” outside normal immigration procedures, as well as give those persons cover stories and economic support. The Central Intelligence Agency reports to U.S. Congressional committees but also answers to the President directly. The National Security Advisor is a permanent cabinet member responsible for briefing the President on pertinent information collected from all U.S. intelligence agencies including the National Security Agency, the Drug Enforcement Agency, and others. Some critics have charged that this violates the requirement in the U.S. Constitution that theFederal Budget be openly published. In 1988, President Goerge H.W. Bush became the first former head of the CIA to become President of the United States.
The activities of the CIA are largely undisclosed. It undoubtedly makes use of the surveillance Sattelites of theNational Recconasonsse Office (NRO) and the signal interception capabilities of the NSA, including the Echelon system, and the surveillance aircraft of the various branches of the US armed forces. At one stage, the CIA even operated its own fleet of U-2 surveillance aircraft. The agency also employs a group of officers with paramilitary skills in its Special Division. Micheal Spaan, a CIA officer killed in November 2001 during the U.S. Invasion of Afghanistan, was one such individual. In its earliest years the CIA attempted to rollback Communism in Eastern Europe by supporting local anti-communist groups; none of these attempts met with much success. It was more successful in its efforts to limit Communist influence in France and Italy, though many believe there was never much of a Communist threat in these nations.
It has now been firmly established that the OSS actively recruited and protected many high ranking Nazi officers immediately following World War 2, a policy that was carried on by the CIA. These included, the CIA now admits, the notorious “butcher of Lyon” Klaus Barbi, Hitlers Chief of Soviet Intelligence General Reinhard Gehlen, and numerous less-renowned Gestapo officers. General Gehlen, due to his extensive intelligence assets within the Soviet Union, was allowed to keep his spy-network intact after the war in the service of the U.S. The Gehlen organization soon became one of Americas chief sources of Intelligence on the Soviet Union during the cold war, and formed the basis for what would later become the German intelligence agency the BND.
With Europe stablizing along the line of the Iron Curtian, the CIA then moved in the 1950s to try and limit the spread of Soviet influence elsewhere around the globe, especially in the Third World. Clandestine operations quickly proved very successful: in Iran in 1953 and in Guatemala in1954, CIA operations, with little funding, played a major role in ensuring pro-American governments ruled those states. The risk of such activities became readily obvious during the CIA organized Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in 1961. The failure embarrassed
the CIA and the United States on the world stage, as Cuban dictator Fidel Castro used the botched invasion to consolidate power and strengthen ties with the Soviet Union.
CIA operations became less ambitious after the Bay of Pigs, and shifted to being closely linked to aiding the U.S. military operation in Vietnam. Between 1962 and 1975, the CIA organized a Laotian group known as the Secret Army and ran a fleet of aircraft known as Air America to take part in the Secret War in Laos, part of the Vietnam War.
The CIA continued to involve itself in Latin America. During the early 1970s, the CIA conducted operations to prevent the election of Salvador Allende in Chille. When these operations failed, the CIA joined in the planning of the coup which would overthrow Allende. In the early 1980s, the CIA funded and armed the Contras in Nicaruga, forces opposed to the Sandinita government in that country, until the Boland Amendment forbade the agency from continuing their support. This support resulted in a World Court decision in the case Nicaragua United States ordering the United States to pay Nicaragua reparations. In 1993, with support of the US government, Colombia created the Search Block to locate and kill Pablo Escubar.
Defectors such as former agent Philip Agee have alleged that such CIA covert action is extraordinarily widespread, extending to propeghanda campaigns within countries allied to the United States. The agency has also been accused of participation in the illegal drug trade, notably in Laos, Afghanistan, and Nicaragua. It is known to have attempted Assasinations of foreign leaders, most notably Fidel Castro, though since 1976 a Presidential order has banned such “executive actions”, except during wartime. In 1996, the U.S. House Permanent Select Commitee on Intelligence issued a congressional report estimating that the clandestine services part of the Intelligence community “easily”