Spencer Case
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We conclude by discussing the way governmental organization of a society and individual body are similar via their coordinating centers. In society, the coordinating center consists of the people who have directive or executive positions. Meanwhile, in a living body the coordinating center is the nervous system. Both the nervous system and coordinators of society can be viewed as appliances that regulate the organism and people within society, respectively.
We begin this comparison by firstly analyzing the concept of differentiation. As the primitive membrane in a body evolves to form the nervous system, it must show differences in movements of contracting or stretching, which makes the organism as a whole superior. Likewise, a legislative branch and its defensive tactics show how people in society can evolve to make it more superior.
Another comparison can be made between organisms and societies. The ectoderm, which is the outermost layer of cells or tissue of the embryo in early development, of the hydra, a simple freshwater animal, functions in a uniform manner. In other words, each of the cells within the ectoderm of a hydra can stretch and contract equally. Similarly, in less advanced societies such as tribes one finds that executive roles are diffused through the whole class. However, in larger more developed societies the directive and executive roles are easier to distinguish from each other. As a chiefs duties begin to accumulate, the chief confines himself and leaves execution of public affairs to others.
As a result, we notice some important traits that chiefs from more advanced societies have. As opposed to being strong and daring, as leaders are in tribes, leaders of more evolved societies are more likely to be cunning, have foresight, and management skills. The leader of a society plays the role of a directing agent, just like the nervous center does in an organism.
We would like to provide you with yet another striking example. Just as a king surrounds himself with aids who help to direct a society, some animals contain a chief ganglion, a structure that contains numerous nerve cells, which has minor ganglion under its control.
The comparison between evolution of governmental structure in society and living bodies is best shown when one analyzes the formation of nations by the coalescence of small communities and its paralleled characteristics with living