This One Time
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Papermaking is considered to be one of the Four Great Inventions of Ancient China, since the first papermaking process was developed in China during the early 2nd century. During the Shang (1600 BC-1050 BC) and Zhou (1050 BC-256 BC) dynasties of ancient China, documents were ordinarily written on bone or bamboo (on tablets or on bamboo strips sewn and rolled together into scrolls), making them very heavy and awkward to transport. The light material of silk was sometimes used, but was normally too expensive to consider. While the Han Dynasty Chinese court official Cai Lun is widely regarded to have invented the modern method of papermaking (inspired from wasps and bees) from wood pulp in AD 105, the discovery of specimens bearing written Chinese characters in 2006 at north-east Chinas Gansu province suggest that paper was in use by the ancient Chinese military more than 100 years before Cai in 8 BC. [2] Archeologically however, true paper without writing has been excavated in China dating to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han from the 2nd century BC, used for purposes of wrapping or padding protection for delicate bronze mirrors.[2] It was also used for safety, such as the padding of poisonous medicine as mentioned in the official history of the period.[2] Although paper used for writing became widespread by the 3rd century,[3] paper continued to be used for wrapping (and other) purposes.
Toilet paper was used in China by at least the 6th century AD.[4] In AD 589, the Chinese scholar-official Yan Zhitui (531-591 AD) once wrote: “Paper on which there are quotations or commentaries from Five Classics or the names of sages, I dare not use for toilet purposes”.[4] An Arab traveler to China once wrote of the curious Chinese tradition of toilet paper in AD 851, writing: “They (the Chinese) are not careful about cleanliness, and they do not wash themselves with water when they have done their necessities; but they only wipe themselves with paper”.[4] Toilet paper continued to be a valued necessity in China, since it was during the Hongwu Emperors reign in AD 1393 that the Bureau of Imperial Supplies (Bao Chao Si) manufactured 720,000 sheets of toilet paper for the entire court (produced of the cheap rice-straw paper).[4] For the emperors family alone, 15,000 special sheets of paper were made, in light yellow tint and even perfumed.[4] Even at the beginning of the 14th century, during the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, the amount of toilet paper manufactured for modern-day Zhejiang province alone amounted to ten million packages holding 1000 to 10000 sheets of toilet paper each.[4]
The Bencao on traditional Chinese medicine; printed with woodblock in 1249, Song DynastyDuring the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea.[2] During the same period, it was written that tea was served from baskets with multi-colored paper cups and paper napkins of different size and shape.[2] During the Chinese Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279) not only did the government produce the worlds first known paper-printed money, or banknote (see Jiaozi and Huizi), but paper money bestowed as gifts to deserving government officials were wrapped in special paper envelopes.[4]
Paper spread slowly outside of China; other East Asian cultures, even after seeing paper, could not make it themselves. Instruction in the manufacturing process was required, and the Chinese were reluctant