Euphemism
Euphemism
A euphemism is the substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener;[1] or in the case of doublespeak, to make it less troublesome for the speaker.[citation needed] It also may be a substitution of a description of something or someone rather than the name, to avoid revealing secret, holy, or sacred names to the uninitiated, or to obscure the identity of the subject of a conversation from potential eavesdroppers. Some euphemisms are intended to be funny.
Contents [hide]
1 Usage
2 Etymology
3 The “Euphemism Treadmill”
4 Classification of euphemisms
5 The evolution of euphemisms
6 Euphemisms for the profane
6.1 Religious euphemisms
6.2 Excretory euphemisms
6.3 Sexual euphemisms
6.4 Euphemisms referring to profanity itself
7 Euphemisms for death
8 Euphemisms in job titles
9 Doublespeak
10 Common examples
11 See also
12 References
[edit] Usage
When a phrase is used as a euphemism, it often becomes a metaphor whose literal meaning is dropped. Euphemisms may be used to hide unpleasant or disturbing ideas, even when the literal term for them is not necessarily offensive. This type of euphemism is used in public relations and politics, where it is sometimes called doublespeak. Sometimes, using euphemisms is equated to politeness. There are also superstitious euphemisms, based (consciously or subconsciously) on the idea that words have the power to bring bad fortune (for example, not speaking the word “cancer”; see Etymology and Common examples below) and religious euphemisms, based on the idea that some words are sacred, or that some words are spiritually imperiling (taboo; see Etymology and Religious euphemisms below).
[edit] Etymology
The word euphemism comes from the Greek word euphemo, meaning “auspicious/good/fortunate speech/kind” which in turn is derived from the Greek root-words eu (ОµП…), “good/well” + pheme (П†О®ОјО·) “speech/speaking”. The eupheme was originally a word or phrase used in place of a religious word or phrase that should not be spoken aloud; etymologically, the eupheme is the opposite of the blaspheme (evil-speaking). The primary example of taboo words requiring the use of a euphemism are the unspeakable names for a deity, such as Persephone, Hecate, or Nemesis.
Historical linguistics has revealed traces of taboo deformations in many languages. Several are known to have occurred in Indo-European languages, including the original Proto-Indo-European words for bear (*rtkos), wolf (*wlkwos), and deer (originally, hart; the deformation likely occurred to avoid confusion