Discussion on Some Political Strategies Using Science/research to Promote Industrial Development and Economic Growth: on the Hervikutvalget, Nou Report 2000
Discussion on Some Political Strategies Using Science/research to Promote Industrial Development and Economic Growth: on the Hervikutvalget, Nou Report 2000
Discussion on Some Political Strategies Using Science/Research to Promote Industrial Development and Economic Growth:
On the Hervikutvalget, NOU report 2000
1 Introduction/ Objectives of the Paper
The objective of this paper is to discuss some political strategies used by the Norwegian government to promote industrial development and economic growth by using historical and current examples. Norway has itself set the goal of reaching the average OECD level of investment in research and development (R&D) by 2005 (OECD Country Report 2002:1). This means a growth from 19 billion to 27 billion NOK, a significant part of which is supposed to come from an increased capital input in research and development. In order to achieve this goal, the Norwegian government is giving a priority to strengthen the science system through increased funding of long-term, fundamental research in the following four areas where Norway faces major challenges: marine research; information and communication technology; medicine and health care; environmental and energy research. The long- term aim with the latter is to strengthen the higher education in the country in general and the institute sectors in particular through “rewarding quality; upgrading and renewing equipment; increasing the recruitment of researchers; intensifying efforts to achieve equality of opportunity” (OECD, 2003: URL for www.oecd.org). The discussion in this paper is therefore concentrated, first, on providing a brief historical overview of the political strategies of the Norwegian government starting from the immediate post- World War II period, and second, on analyzing and comparing the concrete proposals about innovation systems made by the Hervik- utvalget from 2000 with prevous ones. From a theoretical point of view, an innovation system is build upon the relations between the industry, the research institutions, and the public policy system (OECD, 1997: URL for www.oecd.org). It is closely related to the public policy for education, research, industrial and commercial development in the specific country, and is therefore perceived as the concrete or official research- and industrial policy of the countryґ s government. The innovation or technology policy has the objective to stimulate innovation within companies in both the private and public sector of one country. In any case, some of the necessary preconditions for innovation are the existence
of demand for new goods and technologies and the existence
of new, potential markets, the existence
of already developed technology or the need for new one, e. g. In that perspective, although not always the demand, knowledge- and competences development through R& D is of central necessity (…).
2 Political Strategies until year 2000
The need to stimulate the Norwegian industrial sector and the countryґ s economy in general in the immediate post- World War II period has led to the establishment of different initiatives aimed at achieving long- term economic growth and technological development. In spite of the fact that the latter were addressed to as necessary, concrete initiatives as a part of the political objectives of the government were initiated first some decades later.
2. 1 The 1980s
In the beginning of the 1980’s, the Norwegian economy experienced a change in the organization of the industrial and regional policies. The period of decline in the industrial production increased the fears that the Norwegian industrial sector would not be able to adjust and establish itself as a knowledge- based one. Heavy state dominance and direct state control in almost all industrial sectors were the basic features in the Norwegian economy in that period of time. A change in the R&D- and technology- based innovation policies led to the appointment of national priority areas and strategic planning. The priority areas appointed were the information technologies (IT), giving freedom to the previously state owned research and counseling institutions, and priority programs in the regional policy. This all, however, led to a reduced interest in the technology as a driving force, because it was thought that in order a company to change in accordance with the new technology, it should first have the potential to accept it. Thus, the new technology was dependent on adjustments on both sides.
Another major objective initiated by the Norwegian government in the late 1980s was to gradually decrease the dominant role and direct engagement of the state in industrial sectors of the