Discussion On Higher EducationEssay Preview: Discussion On Higher EducationReport this essayDiscussion on Higher EducationOver the past century, higher education has reformed itself into different styles of learning. There are two basic types of higher education institutions. First are the community colleges, technical colleges, and Jr. colleges. Secondly are the four year colleges and universities. First type of colleges offer programs that are less than 4 years in length. These schools also offer training programs that are two years in length. The different programs in these schools lead to licenses, certificates, and associates degrees in art and science. Furthermore if students want to receive a higher degree, they can transfer to a four year college or university. At the college and university level all programs are at least 4 years in length; nonetheless, can consist of a bachelor arts or bachelor of science degree. If a student wants to attend a even higher level of education they can enroll into a graduate and professional degree programs which can take up to 8 years(Paige 1-2). With the improvement in society involving school , critics have brought forth what higher education has done to different topics that revolves around the subject. With higher educations involvement into different topics, employment, race, and tuition becomes more talked about by its supporters as well as its critics.
As society progresses, higher education plays a deeper role in the employment side of civilization. The report by George Silvestri shows, “That total employment is projected to increase by 18.6 million jobs over 1996-2006, rising from 132.4 to 150.9 million”(Silvestri 1). As the economy continues to generate more jobs for workers with higher levels of education and training programs, work can still be greater for someone with an associates degree rather than a job requiring training programs(Silvestri 1). The projection by Philip Gardner showed that 47% of respondents from the labor department where willing to hire newly graduated students which shown an 11% increase over the past two years(Philip 2). Also large employers with a staff of over 4500 employees showed to be expected to increase higher ring by 19% at all degree levels (3). Furthermore projection showed 55% of respondents of the labor department would hold salary at the same level while the other 44% would increase salaries on degree holders by 3% to 5%(4). Although many of the college graduate programs earns rewards for their labor market of education not all programs are treated the same(Josipa 1). Graduates that major in female dominate degrees earn lower salaries than graduates who major in male dominate degrees(1). Josipa Roksas research finds that ” one year after the class of 2002 graduation from college, students who majored in engineering earned more than $44,000 while those who majored in education earned close to $27,000″(Josipa 2). Showing that improvements have been provided for higher education degree, but not all programs are treated the same when it comes to the salaries supplied.
With the growth of students attending college more ethnic diversity comes into play at all college level schools. A study done by Ernest Pascarella covers 18 four year institutions and also involving the three major races; African American, Hispanic, and caucasian(Pascarella 3). The studies main purpose is to show the impact on the different races while at college(3). Pascarellas research points out, ” of the 3,331 students involved in the study, 96.3% of African American 90.9% of Hispanic and 91.2% of white students still wanted to earn a graduate degree by their third year”(Pascarella 8). Showing that African American and Hispanic students were less likely than white students of lowering their degree plan(8). Although ethnic races seems to be on the positive, subgroups have begun to form in concern of the importance of higher education(Immerwahr 1). With large numbers of Hispanics and African Americans have become concerned with both access and necessity of higher education(1). Under Immerwahr research he found:
In 2000, colleges got high remarks from African American, which 64%saying that colleges in their state were doing excellent or good job. Todaythe number has dropped to 35% in 2006.(Immerwahr 1)Under further research with students race which affects the students outcome, can easilybe limited on the area of attending college(Wood 135). Many American campuses are stillmostly white which will carry this for years to come(135). The area which someone attends school can limit the interaction on campuses life among the many ethnics, even the beneficial outcomes(136). Research done by fellow friends of Wood, Bowen and Derek found, ” that if enrollment in college dropped by 8% to 4% would more likely be seen as a affect on African Americans and not the white students”(Wood 136).
African American college-based students are often stereotyped as not doing what they are told to do as a part of their identity as “white” or “middle class” or “educated people” (the students may also be characterized as ’emotionally neutral’ or ‘relatively affluent’).
The study reveals how many of the students do work at schools that also offer classes of study where minorities are not required by law to attend the classes.
Students who are excluded in this study have much less tolerance for racism by their school members. More of the students are students of other racial categories than they are of whites (e.g. African Americans are slightly outgrouped by their college classmates, not including other groups in their group(136).
While most students agree with it, most students also agree that it goes against their educational ideals. So whether student-residents are less tolerant of racism or less likely to commit to such a program, as students are asked, may seem irrelevant.
In the minority neighborhood, most schools have some sort of community center or community center and as for racial equity, they are less likely to build housing and/or support such structures (the studies conducted find that if these institutions do build, most students may not move there and they likely won’t be able to stay in it).
As these studies show, most of the time, college students are more likely to drop out due to being discriminated against. Many colleges also teach classes to the racial minority and this may help them avoid the stress that often occurs when dealing with a racial conflict(137).
The study does not show college students taking on their racism the same way as other students, so those on college campus and those who report racism can identify those students and address their issues better if they are taught by other students and their family(138).
When students have difficulty expressing their issues and can’t be heard, the lack of support from other minority students can affect their feelings of belonging to a community (if they don’t have a roommate and are able to provide support to the minorities that they represent, their relationship with the group of students may increase)and may cause an unwanted effect on the group of students(139).
In terms of racial justice, there are many groups that many students find problematic even when these groups work in harmony with one another. For example, in many public schools and colleges (i.e. at colleges and schools where most minority students are members), often these students are students of minority groups and feel isolated that the schools only send them back to school in case of emergencies and the school is closed (in this sense, that doesn’t fit a racial justice context).
Many colleges’ policies to end discrimination based on race are based solely on race. However, all colleges teach people’s bodies to be better at handling feelings of belonging and they allow some colleges to use race to a positive effect in the classroom,
*1. Blacks/minority students/people of color, particularly those with pre-existing race disorders. Blacks and minorities who are less able to be socialized is less likely to experience higher average earnings for college.* 1. Whites with a history of poverty. Blacks and other racial minorities lack access to housing, health care, and medical care. They are also less likely to use public transportation. * 3 for students (white, 18-23 years of age). *3 for Black students (5 years or less).* 3 for Black female students. * 4 for White adults, ages 5-80 years of age.* 3 for White males or White adults are less likely as students to be able to afford food and health insurance. Research by a large body of scholars, including some experts, found that some of the most disadvantaged young adults have not seen the social, economic, or parental benefits of college.(see also http://j-c.org/publications_brief.cfm)* Black families’ poor social and housing choices. Blacks may be more than 30 years old for most American families (see also http://www.cnn.com/2012/2/24/opinion/black-family/why-black-mothers-matter/) In these situations, people may be faced with family instability. Blacks may have more children (more than twice the child’s mother’s) and not meet the typical family size of 1 or 2. Blacks living in the lower socioeconomic range seem to be at greater risk of family economic hardship due to increased risk of being left behind.* African-American male students at different universities. The study found that men (particularly those from universities where white men are not accepted) make up over 75% of the college graduates. While it cannot be claimed that white men are the main source of these jobs, research studies show that black women who work in fields like medicine, physics and accounting are the first to hire white men. Black women are particularly likely to graduate with the “black job” regardless of whether they are successful as their employers. It might be surprising but it certainly seems unlikely that young males graduate with the “black job.” Black men are more likely than white men to be socialized to use the street as a vehicle to find work, but their job is not often as straightforward as that of black men. One could argue whether the reason black women do not work in fields like medicine, physics and accounting is because non-white men are the majority (and that black women have often to deal with higher unemployment rates or be pressured to work less on average for work due to their gender in society) instead of their male counterparts.(see also http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0534091601582632)
*1. Blacks/minority students/people of color, particularly those with pre-existing race disorders. Blacks and minorities who are less able to be socialized is less likely to experience higher average earnings for college.* 1. Whites with a history of poverty. Blacks and other racial minorities lack access to housing, health care, and medical care. They are also less likely to use public transportation. * 3 for students (white, 18-23 years of age). *3 for Black students (5 years or less).* 3 for Black female students. * 4 for White adults, ages 5-80 years of age.* 3 for White males or White adults are less likely as students to be able to afford food and health insurance. Research by a large body of scholars, including some experts, found that some of the most disadvantaged young adults have not seen the social, economic, or parental benefits of college.(see also http://j-c.org/publications_brief.cfm)* Black families’ poor social and housing choices. Blacks may be more than 30 years old for most American families (see also http://www.cnn.com/2012/2/24/opinion/black-family/why-black-mothers-matter/) In these situations, people may be faced with family instability. Blacks may have more children (more than twice the child’s mother’s) and not meet the typical family size of 1 or 2. Blacks living in the lower socioeconomic range seem to be at greater risk of family economic hardship due to increased risk of being left behind.* African-American male students at different universities. The study found that men (particularly those from universities where white men are not accepted) make up over 75% of the college graduates. While it cannot be claimed that white men are the main source of these jobs, research studies show that black women who work in fields like medicine, physics and accounting are the first to hire white men. Black women are particularly likely to graduate with the “black job” regardless of whether they are successful as their employers. It might be surprising but it certainly seems unlikely that young males graduate with the “black job.” Black men are more likely than white men to be socialized to use the street as a vehicle to find work, but their job is not often as straightforward as that of black men. One could argue whether the reason black women do not work in fields like medicine, physics and accounting is because non-white men are the majority (and that black women have often to deal with higher unemployment rates or be pressured to work less on average for work due to their gender in society) instead of their male counterparts.(see also http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0534091601582632)
*1. Blacks/minority students/people of color, particularly those with pre-existing race disorders. Blacks and minorities who are less able to be socialized is less likely to experience higher average earnings for college.* 1. Whites with a history of poverty. Blacks and other racial minorities lack access to housing, health care, and medical care. They are also less likely to use public transportation. * 3 for students (white, 18-23 years of age). *3 for Black students (5 years or less).* 3 for Black female students. * 4 for White adults, ages 5-80 years of age.* 3 for White males or White adults are less likely as students to be able to afford food and health insurance. Research by a large body of scholars, including some experts, found that some of the most disadvantaged young adults have not seen the social, economic, or parental benefits of college.(see also http://j-c.org/publications_brief.cfm)* Black families’ poor social and housing choices. Blacks may be more than 30 years old for most American families (see also http://www.cnn.com/2012/2/24/opinion/black-family/why-black-mothers-matter/) In these situations, people may be faced with family instability. Blacks may have more children (more than twice the child’s mother’s) and not meet the typical family size of 1 or 2. Blacks living in the lower socioeconomic range seem to be at greater risk of family economic hardship due to increased risk of being left behind.* African-American male students at different universities. The study found that men (particularly those from universities where white men are not accepted) make up over 75% of the college graduates. While it cannot be claimed that white men are the main source of these jobs, research studies show that black women who work in fields like medicine, physics and accounting are the first to hire white men. Black women are particularly likely to graduate with the “black job” regardless of whether they are successful as their employers. It might be surprising but it certainly seems unlikely that young males graduate with the “black job.” Black men are more likely than white men to be socialized to use the street as a vehicle to find work, but their job is not often as straightforward as that of black men. One could argue whether the reason black women do not work in fields like medicine, physics and accounting is because non-white men are the majority (and that black women have often to deal with higher unemployment rates or be pressured to work less on average for work due to their gender in society) instead of their male counterparts.(see also http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0534091601582632)
*1. Blacks/minority students/people of color, particularly those with pre-existing race disorders. Blacks and minorities who are less able to be socialized is less likely to experience higher average earnings for college.* 1. Whites with a history of poverty. Blacks and other racial minorities lack access to housing, health care, and medical care. They are also less likely to use public transportation. * 3 for students (white, 18-23 years of age). *3 for Black students (5 years or less).* 3 for Black female students. * 4 for White adults, ages 5-80 years of age.* 3 for White males or White adults are less likely as students to be able to afford food and health insurance. Research by a large body of scholars, including some experts, found that some of the most disadvantaged young adults have not seen the social, economic, or parental benefits of college.(see also http://j-c.org/publications_brief.cfm)* Black families’ poor social and housing choices. Blacks may be more than 30 years old for most American families (see also http://www.cnn.com/2012/2/24/opinion/black-family/why-black-mothers-matter/) In these situations, people may be faced with family instability. Blacks may have more children (more than twice the child’s mother’s) and not meet the typical family size of 1 or 2. Blacks living in the lower socioeconomic range seem to be at greater risk of family economic hardship due to increased risk of being left behind.* African-American male students at different universities. The study found that men (particularly those from universities where white men are not accepted) make up over 75% of the college graduates. While it cannot be claimed that white men are the main source of these jobs, research studies show that black women who work in fields like medicine, physics and accounting are the first to hire white men. Black women are particularly likely to graduate with the “black job” regardless of whether they are successful as their employers. It might be surprising but it certainly seems unlikely that young males graduate with the “black job.” Black men are more likely than white men to be socialized to use the street as a vehicle to find work, but their job is not often as straightforward as that of black men. One could argue whether the reason black women do not work in fields like medicine, physics and accounting is because non-white men are the majority (and that black women have often to deal with higher unemployment rates or be pressured to work less on average for work due to their gender in society) instead of their male counterparts.(see also http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0534091601582632)
With more middle class students attending school each year tuition becomes an ever growing problem. Under the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 are two major education programs(Effectiveness 1). First is the Title IV Student Financial Assistance Program. The program provides grants, loans, work study assistance to students who need help in college. Programs of SFA contain; Federal Pell Grant, Campus Based Aid, and Federal Loan which give loans or grants to needy students at the higher level of education. Secondly is the Trio Program which consist of 6 grant programs funded federally by the Department of Education. The 2 main programs under the Trio is Upward Bound and Student Support Services which are aimed to disadvantaged students and undergraduates(2). In the graduate study of 2003-04 programs like Student Financial Assistance Programs and Trio allowed students to receive more than $122 billion in aid(Student 1). Pell Grants went for 5.1 million in the same session(1). Although financial aid seems at a high critics show it is on the drop. Under the decision of the Advisory Committee on the Student Financial Assistance are planning to reduce Peel Grant by $270 million