Geert Hofstede
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Prof. Geert Hofstede conducted perhaps the most comprehensive study of how values in the workplace are influenced by culture.
Geert Hofstede analyzed a large data base of employee values scores collected by IBM between 1967 and 1973 covering more than 70 countries, from which he first used the 40 largest only and afterwards extended the analysis to 50 countries and 3 regions. In the editions of GHs work since 2001, scores are listed for 74 countries and regions, partly based on replications and extensions of the IBM study on different international populations.
Subsequent studies validating the earlier results have included commercial airline pilots and students in 23 countries, civil service managers in 14 counties, up-market consumers in 15 countries and elites in 19 countries.
From the initial results, and later additions, Hofstede developed a model that identifies four primary Dimensions to assist in differentiating cultures: Power Distance – PDI, Individualism – IDV, Masculinity – MAS, and Uncertainty Avoidance – UAI.EWPJFWEPJFEFWPEOKFPOWEOOFKOKWEOKFOKRFKERKFKERPKFERKFPOERKOKFOEKR EROKGEORK EROKG ERO ERJG EPRJGPOJER ERKJG ER ROOIJGER JG EROJGER GJ EOIRGJERJ G ERJGOIJRE EIJRGIJIJ IERG IRIJGI REJG ERGJJOJGOJEIGJ IOERJGER EGIO IERG EROGEJI EGIOEJJG EROIGJEJRG EOIRGIOJEIRJG EGJIFVDF IGIEIORGE GE
Geert Hofstede added a fifth Dimension after conducting an additional international study with a survey instrument developed with Chinese employees and managers.
That Dimension, based on Confucian dynamism, is Long-Term Orientation – LTO and was applied to 23 countries.
These five Hofstede Dimensions can also be found to correlate with other country, cultural, and religious paradigms.