Literature Review on Gender Differences in Coping Strategies of Human BeingsEssay Preview: Literature Review on Gender Differences in Coping Strategies of Human BeingsReport this essayIt is an established fact that men and women differ in many ways, with different emotions and perceptions, with different personality characteristics (Burr, 1998). There has been much debate regarding the different gender related issues as more and more researches are being conducted. Although much of the research on gender is surrounded by controversy, researchers still ponder over different issues concerning gender differences. Many issues have been taken to account such as stress levels, adaptation and social relationships which are some of the areas in which there are significant gender differences (Larsen & Buss, 2002). Gender difference in coping is an interesting issue among these various issues regarding gender differences. The different coping styles adapted by the different sexes itself shows that there are evident differences between how both sexes cope with stress and chaotic life experiences. Researches show that men adapt more action direct approaches than women in stressful work situations (Porter & Stone, 1995). This literature review focuses on 8 different researches done illustrating this issue.
In a research done by Fagot & Hamilton, 1988 a comparison of chronic stress and coping styles of female and male undergraduates were done. The aim of this study was to “study the expressive instrumental coping dichotomy by evaluating gender differences to stressful events that are experienced on a daily basis by men and women” (Fagot et al. 1988, p.819). 56 women and 43 men from University of Oregon who were in their first year of undergraduate level were selected as participants. 3 telephone interviews per week for 8 weeks were conducted by trained research assistants. By the end of 24 phone calls the number of participants was declined to 51 women and 39 men. “The coping strategies were coded as expressive or instrumental” (Fagot et al. 1988, p.821). Expressive was when the coping strategy used by the participant was mainly focused on feelings, emotions and thoughts without any focus on solving the problem or improvising the situation. Instrumental was when the coping strategy was rather focused on solving the problem on a behavioral or cognitive basis. “Analyses of variance were used to test gender differences in frequency of daily stressors, concomitant perceptions of stress, and utilization of problem-solving behaviors” (Fagot et al. 1988, p.819). The hypothesis that was used was that men and women use different strategies to cope with certain stressful situations. The most of the analyses showed no significant differences in the coping styles, however more number of women reported facing stressful situations than the number of men and there were certain differences in the types of situations such as unhappiness with weight for women (Fagot et al. 1988)
Another study portraying this topic was conducted by William Borden and Sharon Berlin in 1990. The main focus of this study was to determine the relationships among gender, coping styles and psychological well-being in spouses of older adults with chronic dementia. 61 participants majority consisting of women by 59 percent, who were spousal caregivers of older adults with chronic dementia were taken as subjects. The participants underwent self-report instruments and a questionnaire that assessed demographic data, illness characteristics, average amount of time spent with patient and use of supportive services (Berlin & Borden, 1990). The seriousness of dementia as to be found on the degree of memory and behavioral impairment was determined by the Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist, Part A (Zarit and Zarit , 1983 as cited by Berlin et al. 1990). Coping strategies were assessed by the Ways of Coping Checklist (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984 as cited by Berlin et al. 1990), in order to assess the coping strategies and well-being further. The results showed that no sex differences were found in five types of emotion-focused coping. They were wishful thinking, detachment, focusing on the positive, keeping to self, and self-blame. However on the other two types women showed to go for more. They are support seeking and tense reduction strategies. These results seem to imply that there are no significant differences between the two sexes when coping strategies are concerned (Berlin et al. 1990)
A research named вЂ?Patterns of Coping Preferences for Male and Female Caregivers of Frail Older Adults’ was conducted by Helen M. De Veries, David W. Hamilton, Steven Lovett and Dolores Gallagher-Thompson in 1997. The aim of this study was to learn about the similarities and differences in male and female caregivers’ preferred strategies for coping and the perceived helpfulness of these strategies in managing caregiving stressors were examined in this study (DeVeries et al, 1997). The subjects in this study consisted of 139 men and 31 women who were primary caregivers for an elderly family member who was either mentally (in terms of cognition) ill or physically weak. The participants were all volunteers who stepped in to participate in this research. They were required to fill up a questionnaire from the Health and Daily Living Form (Moos, Cronkite, Billings, Finncy, 1984 as cited by Helen et al, 1997). This questionnaire focused on determining the type and variety of coping strategies which consisted of 33 coping strategies used by caregivers in order to reach up to their high demand of caregiving. The results of this research suggest that there are no differences in coping strategies between the 2 sexes. However gender might is related to the amount of which these coping strategies are used. “The hypothesis that female caregivers would use a wider range of coping strategies but rate them as less helpful than male caregivers was only partially supported” (DeVeries et al, 1997, p.265).
Another study on this issue was conducted by M. Pilar Matud (2004). This study focuses on the gender differences in stress and coping styles. On his journal regarding this study, Matud (2004, p.1403) states that “findings on studies of gender differences in coping behavior are not definitive.” Some previous researchers such as Miller and Kirsch (1987) have pointed out some constraints in their own methodologies and many studies do report differences in how women and men cope with stress, though it’s still a fact that further research on this matter is still needed (Matud , 2004). As highlighted in some researches mentioned above, Matud (2004) also talks about these differences as women tending to use coping styles through emotional strategies while men tend to go for problem-focused coping. But it’s also been suggested that these tendencies can in fact change or alter in some situations. The participants in this study consisted
SELF-HELD TRACKING OF WESTERN CITIZENS, IN PAPERS, AND IN EXERCISES This page provides background on Self-Esteem and the Gender Differences in Stress and Boring Conduct to discuss some of the current and recent research that have been conducted (Baumann et al. 2004, 2000; Markel et al. 2005). The goal here is also to take a step back on some of the research that have been done and also focus on the more recent findings from the literature. At the same time, we must mention that the current focus here is to find out a little about the context of the research, to figure out what they have to say about it! What is their purpose? What do they think would be best to do this study? What are the questions they want to address in the future? What do they think would be a good practice to deal with these new findings? As a last bit of background, there is a debate here that has been underway in the field. Some may have heard of it at the expense of a large number of researchers. One thing that seems to be in common is that research is often led by a small group of researchers who will be given a large amount money, to be spent by individuals working on their projects. You could find this going for the average study worker. The goal of self-study, like most projects, is to explore the ways people experience stress and how they manage the impacts. And yet, this research is still limited due to its small size and very limited sample size. Nevertheless, it has gained in popularity, and now more and more researchers are looking at it. A few years ago, I was working on a series of projects at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to try out the effects of “self-stimulation and the ability to make sense of life.” I was not sure exactly what type of effects I was looking for, but I’m glad to report that I found it. By doing the projects, people can begin to see the effects of stress. As people sit and learn, they learn their own strategies and strategies, and how they are able to cope with the stress. In a previous meta-analysis of personality and health, I also noticed that people who reported experiencing some type of stress tended to report “more normal” levels of functioning and were more likely to experience fewer symptoms of illness (the study’s title), which is a good thing: They are less anxious on a daily basis, less fatigued on a weekend, etc. In addition, I had found that people who reported feeling less well tended to have less heart attack and less hypertension. These are good and good signs, but if the people are not experiencing the effects themselves, then don’t think that they are having the same symptoms and the benefits may not be there as they are initially. If the individuals are experiencing the effects from negative sources, they may still be being ill and are doing better in other ways. It appears that people (particularly those with low levels of self-efficacy and low self-confidence) may be experiencing these negative factors, and in doing so, may be experiencing that particular negative emotion (for example, self-sacrifice), not “feelings.” (see also: “Self-Esteem and the Gender Differences in Stress and Boring Conduct to Find Health Benefits.”)
The results of this study are as seen, and I hope to have more reports about this as I receive them.
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What are the implications of such self-reported findings