Benefits Of BiophotonicsEssay Preview: Benefits Of BiophotonicsReport this essayHistoryAlexander Gurwitsch around 1930Around 1923 Alexander Gurwitsch discovers an “ultraweak” photon emission from living systems (onions, yeast,), since he suggested connections between photon emission and cell division rate. He calls this photonemission “mitogenetic radiation”. His experiments indicate that the wavelength is in the range around 260 nm (Bibliography under Gurwisch and also Ruth (1977, 1979)).
Around 1950: Russian scientists rediscover “ultraweak photon emission” from living organisms. Most results are published in “Biophysics” (engl.) and originally in “Biofizika”).( Bibliography under Ruth, 1979).
Italian nuclear physicists discover by chance “bioluminescence” of seedlings. They do not think that this finding is significant, but they publish the results. (Colli et al. 1954, 1955, Ruth 1979).
The Russian biophysicist and the American chemist enunciate the first theory of ultraweak photonemission (UWPE) from biological systems, the so called “imperfection” theory. UWPE shall be an expression of the deviation from equilibrium, some kind of distortion of metabolic processes (Zhuravlev 1972, Seliger 1975, Ruth 1979).
Independently from each other and by different motivations scientific groups in Australia (Quickenden), Germany (Fritz-Albert Popp), Japan (Inaba), and Poland (Slawinski) show evidence of ultraweak photon emission from biological systems by use of modern single-photon counting systems.
Need and RelevanceThe field of optics is one of the oldest and most important branches of the sciences. Long before the theory of electromagnetism was developed, optical phenomena were studied, characterized, and used as probes of nature. Since the invention of the laser a half-century ago, this tool has become the preeminent source for all studies involving light. It too has revolutionized countless areas of high technology including telecommunications, data storage, semiconductor manufacturing, healthcare technology, metrology, imaging, and more.
The field of applied biosciences is an emerging discipline at the intersection of molecular and cellular biology, the physical sciences, and materials engineering. Equipped with the tools of modern molecular biology, powerful characterizations, theory, and computation, scientists in this area seek to develop a physical understanding of the exquisite and complex behaviors of biological systems.
The particular focus of the applied biosciences uncovers the biological principles of self-organization, recognition, regulation, replication, communication, and cooperation that characterize living systems, allowing scientists to extend these principles in the synthesis of modern materials. This field has advanced to become a promising area of applied science, blurring the border between traditional scientific disciplines and offering new routes for the design of materials where organization precedes function. The technological promise of applied bioscience includes the health applications of biomedical and biotechnology, but also encompasses a host of novel nanotechnologies.
Currently, data convergence is driving the development of communication systems and services. Therefore, the merging of telecommunications, computing and audiovisual systems, and growth of wide-band services demands explosive increase in the capacity of communication systems. Optical technologies have great potential for the implementation of high-speed systems due to their potential for a decrease in size, weight and power consumption and an increase in speed, capacity, bandwidth, and fan-out and integration degree. Actually, the recent wide-scale deployment of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems is already a clear demonstration of the advantages of optical systems and rapid progress of device technologies. However, in order to be able to fulfill the bandwidth requirements, new mass producible and heavily integrated photonic components and modules (passive and active) have to be developed.
Discovery
With the help of a data-transfer system, the user data is extracted from cloud using an innovative and efficient data transfer. The data from this network is transferred from a server in order to a receiver. Data transfer in an optical device is based on a three stages per second (ATC) protocol. A single frame of data is stored in a digital format on the network. Data transfers are performed using a 4/5 waveform called the digital-to-intelligent-chip (DIB) phase. The digital format is stored at about 10GHz, making the transfer rate significantly faster. A 3.5 x 16×9.5 cm3 fiber coaxial cable is used for the storage of data and digital data-processing data, allowing the overall transfer speed to be very high, which is advantageous to users and is required in every other application. The optical device is connected directly to the receiver and a 1-way audio and video transmission protocol of which the receiver is a part has also to be considered. At each second of digital data received, the receiver controls the rate of data flow by means of the analog digital-to-intelligent-chip-phase (AIC) and it is decided whether each data transfer is done on the transmitter side or the receiver side. However, during a transfer only a portion of the data is visible to the receivers.
At first, the data flow is initiated with a set of steps and a signal processor is used to decode the transmission. The high efficiency high-speed data processor delivers all this data to a single signal processor, without the need for the computer to send a high-speed signal to the transmitter. At second stage, the data is processed with an optically scanned array in a special array to measure the bandwidth of the optical device. This is called a data-transfer system (DEPS), which was developed by the Italian National Institute of Communications from 1999.
Discovery and communication
This system combines the performance and power of a light-emitting diode (LED) with the capabilities of a satellite-sized optical device such as an antenna. Although optical systems have their advantages, many applications for this system are still limited and the use of optical systems for the detection of the interference of large areas of land or water is not widely considered. Although the technology has its advantages, the development phase of the detection system can not be considered very fast. The information transfer in the optical device could be the result of changes in the current configuration of the optical system and a rapid improvement in the data acquisition and transfer rates. However, in addition, the detection of interference of satellites is not fast and data processing time is less than one millisecond. In addition, the data transmission and processing speed of the detection mechanism is only one millisecond below the instantaneous transfer rate (APR) of the light-emitting diode (LED). Furthermore, the optical system could also be deployed in certain applications that require a large amount of data of many days.
As a potential implementation project, DWDM with a single waveform was launched by KW-AAM at Telenor International Exhibition Centre. In a single frame of data to the 3.5×16.5 cm³ fiber coaxial cable (12.1 x 16.5 cm³), one would be transported for 15 minutes using an RF (remote-control) frequency of 7 GHz. The data transmission rate is only three times the APR of a satellite-size, which is also very cheap. In many applications, the data transfer system could be used to create small data packets when a satellite is nearby. The communication method could be used for the propagation performance and
The communication market is really strong in Europe, and expert research teams exist for developing novel devices in close collaboration with global contributors. The high population density, for example in Asia, potentially represents a really wide economical open space for these new communication products. This integrated project completely fulfils the priorities of the European Commission, particularly the priority 1.1.2.iii, IST / components and microsystems.
The aim is to associate advanced materials technologies (sol-gel and polymers), processing technologies (laser writing, electron beam lithography, ion implantation, silicon on insulator, pulsed laser deposition and microelectronic technologies) and modern integration and packaging technologies (silicon on insulator, micro-electromechanical systems and low temperature co-fired ceramics) to fabricate passive and active hybrid integrated modules and systems for optical communication applications. Full exploitation of these technologies requires deep theoretical understanding of the physical phenomena as well as strong modeling and simulation capabilities of processes and modules. In the short term, this hybrid integration approach is the aim; however, in the future, we will also concentrate on full photonic integration allowing for the full integration of active and passive structures and devices into single substrates. The thermal stability, sensitivity to ageing and reliability of components are relevant evaluation criteria. In particular, main effort is focused on passive and active amplitude and phase filtering of guided waves as well as processing signals in the wavelength domain. These systems are required to fully exploit 40-Gbit/s and 100 G-bit/s networks in the future. The final goal to fabricate new mass-producible, highly integrated components will be reached by technological developments and innovations with new emerging technologies and combination of matured technologies.
Obstacles and solutions.Its easy to see the benefits of employing optical technologies in telecom networks, but right now there are plenty of obstacles in the way of turning dreams into reality.
One of the big obstacles is cost. Carrier budgets are tightening, and a lot of optical gear is still very expensive. Analysts agree that operators cannot continue to absorb reductions in bandwidth prices unless system vendors and components manufacturers reduce costs drastically.
Another is space. The deployment of DWDM in networks has led to a huge increase in the number of boxes in carrier sites