Crack Cocaine Vs, Powder Cocaine
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The Disparities between Crack Cocaine and Powder Cocaine
The Disparities between Crack and Powder Cocaine
Coca is a leafed plant that grows in the eastern slopes of the Andes. Cocaine is the worlds most powerful stimulant made naturally. This plant has been used be Indians for at least 5000 years. Traditionally, the leaves of the coca plant have been chewed for social, mystical, medicinal and religious purposes. Columbia is the lead producer of cocaine they supply eighty percent of the worlds cocaine (Coca and cocaine).
The United States has faced a major problem with the illegal drug and has decided on different sentencing guides for cocaine claiming that crack is more addictive than powder.
There is several different ways to produce and cut cocaine, the same is true with the methods it is put into the body and the outcome it will have. The United States has different sentencing guides for the use of cocaine and how it affects the users.
Cocaine sulfate is produced by macerating coca leaves along with water that has been acidulated with sulfuric acid. This form of cocaine is a cheap form and is popular in South America. This type of cocaine can be smoked or added to tobacco.
Freebase is the base form of cocaine, not the same as the salt form of cocaine hydrochloride. Freebase is insoluble in water and therefore is inhaled, absorption is immediate and the rush is intense. The effects only last for minutes and the user will seek their next high before the first is gone. Freebase cocaine is very dangerous the mixture used for this is ether and is extremely flammable. The powerful contents of this drug cause the user rapid decline of health.
Crack cocaine is a less pure variety of freebase cocaine and does not use flammable solvents to produce. It is made by mixing two parts of cocaine hydrochloride with one part of baking soda in about 20ml of water (Coca and cocaine). In The United States crack cocaine is extremely inexpensive and comes in small packages. Crack cocaine is smoked and the rush is more intense than snorting.
Insufflation is the most common method of ingestion of powder cocaine. It is absorbed through the mucous membranes lining the sinuses. This typically takes 10 to 15 minutes for the user to feel the full effect of the drug. Tolerance builds rapidly to this form of use and the users will consume more to produce greater effects.
Some users will inject the drug into the veins; this provides the shortest amount of time for a high. It is the exhilarating rush that follows the users crave. This can be dangerous due to the toxic effects of the cocaine itself. The risk from infection is also high from the use of contaminated needles.
Cocaine has been federally regulated with the passing of the Harrison Act in 1914. The Harrison Act banned non-medical use of cocaine; prohibited its importation; imposed the same criminal penalties for cocaine users that were levied against users of opium, morphine, and heroin (DEA). As a consequence of The Harrison Act cocaine became scarce in the United States and by the 1950s it was no longer considered a problem.
Cocaine is a Schedule II drug under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, meaning that it has high potential for abuse, but can be administered by a doctor for legitimate medical uses (DEA). This Act was prompted by the sudden raise in cocaine use in the 1960s.
Powerfully addictive an individual may have difficulty predicting or controlling the extent to which he or she will continue or want to use the drug. Short-term physiological effects of cocaine include constricted blood vessels; dilated pupils; and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure (DEA). The larger amounts used can lead to bizarre, erratic, and violent behavior.
Long-term use of cocaine is thought to be primarily a result of its ability to inhibit the reabsorption of dopamine by nerve cells. Dopamine is released as part of the brains reward system and is either directly or indirectly involved in the addictive properties of cocaine drug abuse. Users will increase their dose to reach the high they desire, as their tolerance to the drug increases so does the amount of cocaine used. Use of cocaine repeatedly and at high doses increases irritability and paranoia. The user can lose touch with reality and experience hallucinations (National Institute on Drug Abuse).
The use and production of this highly addictive drug has accounted for numerous problems in the United States. Organized criminal gangs operating on a large scale and dominate the cocaine trade (Cocaine). This makes cocaine highly available in all major countries. Cocaine is sold to users by the gram or eight ball, 1/8th ounce, price and quality vary depending on supply and demand.
Under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines crack cocaine is sentenced different that for powered cocaine. They acknowledged important differences between the two, being that crack is more addictive than powder. The use among juveniles is higher with crack than powder and it is associated with more violence. Crack users are also more likely to have extensive criminal records, compared to other drug users. Crack cocaine dealers seem to use the services of juveniles more to distribute the drug.
This sentencing disparity has caused a lot of controversy among officials and other interest groups during the past few years. The current sentencing structure for cocaine became known as the 100-to- 1 quantity ratio; it takes one hundred times more powder cocaine to trigger the same mandatory penalties as crack. With this in mind as it stands a person convicted of selling 500 grams of powder cocaine is subject to the same five-year mandatory minimum sentences as a person selling 5 grams of crack cocaine. This is also the first drug distinguished in the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 as of having a mandatory minimum for a first offense of simple possession of a controlled substance (Federal Sentencing, 1997). Simple possession without intent to distribute of cocaine is a misdemeanor punishable by no more than one year in prison. This applies to the offenders first offense, after this the penalty goes up. Congress and the Commission have concluded that some drugs have more attended harms than others and those who traffic in more dangerous drugs ought to be sentenced more severely than those who traffic in less