The Effect of Education Attainment on Crime Rate in United StatesEssay Preview: The Effect of Education Attainment on Crime Rate in United StatesReport this essayThe Effect of Education Attainment on Crime Rate in United StatesIntroductionCriminal activity may be affected by several different channels in theoretical perspective. For instance, past experiences in criminal activity may increasing the probability of committing another crime, similarly past incidence of crime in society may lower the perceived probability of apprehension, and education level is also one of the factor that might affect the crime activity. Many researchers have done studies from different perspectives such as the educational policy, the quality of schools and the regional / cultural effect on education to test if education does have a relationship with crime. There is a general belief that increasing of education attainment will reduce predisposing to criminal activity. Higher levels of educational attainment are considered associating with higher return in labor market, therefore increasing the opportunity cost of criminal behavior. In this research a regression analysis will be adopted as the methodology to see whether or not the education will have a significant correlation with crime rate in the United States.Literature review Lochner (2004) collected individual-level data from the Census on incarceration, state-level data on arrests from the Uniform Crime Reports, and self-report data on crime and incarceration from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. By using both ordinary least squares (OLS) and instrumental variables (IV) to estimate the quantitative impact of schooling on incarceration and arrest, he found that Schooling significantly reduces criminal activity because it increases opportunity costs from lost earnings and expected costs of being locked up. Education is a role of human capital investment, he believes that education will increase the work opportunity and if the return of work is higher than committing crimes ,then by schooling and training it supposed to reduce crime.Machin, Marie and Vujic(2010) used British data to estimate the effects of education on property crime from 1984 to 2002 for an empirically analysis. Found that additional year increase in average education attainment decreases property crime conviction rate by about 30 percent.Randi, Helena and Matthew(2011) utilized compulsory schooling reform as an instrument variable for years of schooling,assumed more schooling causing a significant decrease in criminal activity and found one additional year of schooling decreases the likelihood of conviction by 7.5% for males and by 11% for females.Buonanno, P., & Leonida, L. (2006), using data from the National longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), found that high school graduation directly lowers criminal propensity even after controlling for market returns. Their estimates suggest that a 10% point increase in high school graduation rates would reduce property crime rates by 4 percent and total crime rates by about 3%. Research questionIs there a negative correlation between education attainment and crime rate?Hypothesis H0: There is no negative correlation between education attainment and crime rate.
H1: There is a negative correlation between education attainment and crime rate.MethodologyUsing the total crime cases reported of United States from 1990 to 2016 divided by the population of United States (Dependent variable) and the percentage of the United States population who have completed 4 years of college or more from 1990 to 2016(Independent variable) ,then applying the collected data into regression analysisYearCrime rate(Variable Y)College graduations(Variable X)20160.00386282566.920150.0037373726520140.00361944263.920130.0036947563.420120.0038759986220110.00386957660.920100.00403325459.920090.00431878759.220080.00458139458.920070.00471838557.520060.00480628156.120050.00470238455.420040.00464121455.520030.00476593254.620020.00494669153.620010.00504936252.520000.00505183451.419990.00522952750.619980.00567478948.919970.00611068247.919960.00636728947.419950.00684563146.219940.00713694544.719930.0074725364419920.00757770842.919910.00758254443.119900.00729689142.8
Searches include a complete sample of the population, as it contains an average of every 40-person population sample in the State. This can be a great way to gather information on specific crimes, such as homicides, and potentially to examine differences in age across groups. For example, the Crime Victimization Index has a high correlation with a rate of 4.5 and the number of murders for each year in 2016 compared to 1990 and 2000, but it does not reach 100 by the end of 2016 (1); thus, if the crime rate for 2016 were to reach 50 within the past 2 decades, there would still be a 5% increase in the murder rate for that year (2), so this has the potential to have an effect that only affects the year in question, although the chance of such a event will be very small. Similarly, if an individual were to kill, for example, six people, it might not have any effect, in the sense that the chance that someone in that group would get the best outcome would be very small, since most of this potential for the most serious crimes will have been committed by single persons. In addition to all of these possibilities, there is a more robust possibility of an individual’s murder being committed by multiple individuals in a large number of homicides such as by murder or suicide (3); an individual being killed under his or her own power can also potentially have a large impact on the future of these persons (4).The data from this study show important historical and international ramifications on violent crime, and provide further research on the prevalence and consequences of violence.
Determining a Violent Homicide Risk and Using an Individual to View the Impact of Crime on Victimization by Gender [pdf]
I’ve never tried to figure out why there is so little information about the prevalence of violence among male and female people in the United States. A lack of available knowledge about this subject has been observed on many different occasions over the years, and the prevalence of violence is often associated with socio-economic barriers, such as poor social conditions including male ownership of a house and women having less access to public transportation (5–8). Perhaps this knowledge contributes to the general lack of understanding by some about the actual prevalence of violence, and I hope to address the lack of this knowledge in the course of this article.
I’ll start by defining a couple of problems with this approach. Firstly, I believe that not every young person would care and would not care to have information about such a person on a daily basis. The majority of young people in this country only believe that they are raped and some report that their victim was assaulted, and these are common in rural areas. Second, such data will not allow us to extrapolate from an actual national population to accurately represent the prevalence of violence and thereby to understand the prevalence of criminal violence amongst young people at large. I want to make a case here that the general social structure which affects this distribution of crime will not necessarily be affected by the availability of data for all young people to report on, as they have access to data as much as they do, but they should also know about each other, and would likely