Demographics, Statistics, and History
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Demographics, Statistics, and History
Sweden is the largest county in Scandinavia, located in Northern Europe. It is bordered by the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway (1). The Sweden that we know of today materialized out of the Kalmar Union which had been formed by the unification of the country by King Gustav Vasa in 1397. Since then Sweden has gained territories and also had to give up territories from the 17th century to today with the last war in 1814 when they entered into a personal union with Norway. Since the last war Sweden has been at peace adopting a foreign policy of neutrality during wartime and a non-aligned during peacetime (2).
After the economy was stagnant in 1970’s it faced large imbalances in the 1980’s and this all followed by a financial crisis and a subsequent recession ending in the mid 90’s which caused for a number of institutional changes. Sweden joined the EU in 1995 but has still not accepted the Euro as its currency. Entering the EU helped bring full integration in the European market place of the trade-oriented Swedish economy. Sweden is the third largest country in Europe and the 55th largest in the world when it comes to size, but when we take a look at its total population it is considered to be rather small. The current head of the state of the Kingdom of Sweden is King Carl XVI Gustaf, who follows a constitutional monarchy political system with a central government that is center-right majority, which has been ruling since the election in 2006, with the next scheduled elections to be in 2010. The official language is Swedish, which is a North Germanic language. The current population is said to be roughly 9.1 million covering an area of 450,000 square kilometers which totals about 22 people per square kilometer. The current currency is the Swedish krona which equals 100 ore, and has an exchange rate of SEK 1 = € 0.11 = $ 0.14, the GDP (purchasing power parity) is $290.1 billion (2006est.), the GDP (official exchange rate) is $372.5 billion (2006 est.) with the GDP per capita at SEK 295,000. A 2006 est. has the real growth rate GDP at 4.5% with an estimated work force of 4.586 million and an unemployment rate is of 5.6% (3).
There are three major cities: Stockholm, Gothenborg, and Malmo which have had the greatest demand for real estate. Approximately twenty percent of the population lives in greater Stockholm which is located on the Baltic Sea which is built on fourteen islands. Gothenburg which is located on the west coast has a major port and industrial center. The city that is said to have the greatest economic potential is Malmo, located on the south coast. A bridge has recently been completed connecting Malmo to Copenhagen, Denmark which has started a trend of workers that work in Copenhagen to buy homes in Malmo since the prices are currently lower and commute via the new bridge (4).
The housing market in Sweden is currently unclear, since the rents that a landlord can charge are currently hindered since the rent rates are based on the cost-oriented rent in public housing which is lower than the actual rents that could be obtained. In order to help fix this problem supply and demand needs to match up. The only way would be to develop more units, but no one wants to develop units if they know beforehand that the rent is going to be somewhat regulated by the public housing. This is setting a new trend of landlords who convert the current apartment into flats which can then be purchased on the open market. In the US in 2005 we had a lot of condo-conversions going on in South Florida which is the change from a rental unit into a condominium which is then sold for a certain price. The only difference is that in the US you can not only convert one rental unit, the whole rental community would have to be purchased and all the units in the community would be converted and then the developer sells each unit, the current rent regulation would have to be removed in order to help interest investors in rental projects. In contrast to the current rental market, the housing prices have not suffered at all. Good explanations for the boom in the housing prices have been the very desirable interest rates and the rising incomes. Since the trough that ended in 1996 Sweden has had an average price growth rate of 8.5% and in 2006 reached a high of 13%. Research has shown that the fast growth of housing prices has been attributed to overvaluation. This is bringing concerns to scholars, because if the interest rates start to rise from the low levels, “fundamentals” will not be able to justify the prices of these homes (5). This happened a lot in the US which help cause the bubble to burst, with the lower interest rates people were able to obtain money easily and were able to purchase homes thinking that they would appreciate very fast and they would be able to sell for even more, which is called “flipping.”
A Leading European Investment Market
In 2006 it was Europe’s 4th largest destination for cross-border investment. The capital Stockholm was rated as the 3rd most liquid property market. During the last five years inflow of foreign investment has grown drastically making it one of Europe’s largest recipients with about 50% of investments contributed to non-Scandinavian investors. It is considered easy to do business since they have smooth business procedures with many skilled professional with a great openness to international ownership. They have a very open public record system which allows easy access to market information and a highly evolved legal system, making Sweden highly transparent. With such a small population they have a wide range of industry sectors and brand with a high volume of multinational companies which help contribute to the international business environment (6).
Swedish Real Estate
Sweden is the fourth largest country in Europe with major corporations already established like Ikea and Saab. It has a small population considered to Britan which is only half the size and the cost of living is higher but real estate is less expensive in Sweden. A member of the EU, but still has not adopted the euro and uses the Swedish krona (SEK) with a GDP per capita that is approximately fifteen percent higher than the EU25 average. Sweden is amongst the ten wealthiest nations in Europe. Cottages start from € 40,000 and villas starting from € 100,000 (22).
The cities with the most activity when it comes to real estate are Gothenburg, which is located on the west coast and has a major port and industrial