International Trade
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INTERNATIONAL TRADE IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE OF READY-MADE GARMENTS SECTOR OF BANGLADESH
Abu Yousuf Md. Abdullah*
ABSTRACT
The hundred percent export-oriented RMG industry has experienced phenomenal growth during the last 15 years. Within a very short period of time, it has attained great importance in terms of its contribution to GDP, foreign exchange earnings and employment and also as a vehicle of social changes. The export earning data of Bangladesh, shows that in 19884-85, ready-made garment sector earned 12.39%( $116 million) of the total export. This was raised to 36.46%($471 million) in 1989-90. This share rapidly went up to 53.36%($1064 million) in 1991-92. Surprisingly, the share showed no increase for the last three years. Bangladesh garments products are facing various barriers and difficulties in the international market. Garments contribution to the total export earning remained constant at around 52% for the last two years (52.84%) in 1994-95 and 52.63% in 1995-96. This stagnant situation demands immediate attention of the international market researcher and the government as well. This research therefore, attempts to assess the present status of the RMG sector and suggests strategies to overcome the present crises.
INTRODUCTION
The most youthful export sector in Bangladesh, the RMG industry, has been earning over 60% of the foreign currency for the country during the last few years. In 1995, it contributed 66% to the nations total earning from export. The membership of BGMEA, which started with 19 (Nineteen) in early 1983, has reached 2383, as on August 31, 1996, increasing by 25% each year. The growth of garment exports in dollar terms is in harmony with the growth rate of factories that depicts a healthy steeper growth of the industry. Garment export in value has been increasing on an average by 27% each year. As the rate of increase (20%) per year, is expected to continue through the MFA phasing out transition, growth prospect of Bangladeshs apparel industry looks brighter (The Daily Sangbad: 1996).
Countrys RMG producers have been steadily moving towards high value sophisticated items like high quality suits, jackets, branded jeans items, embroidered ladies wear etc. They are now producing a wide range of garments items and have expanded their market world wide. Increasing at the rate of 27% per year over the last several years, utilising quota and diversifying their products into non-quota items, the country presently holds 6th largest apparel exporter status in the USA while 5th largest in the European Union (EU).
Japan has been a very quality conscious market in the world. Bangladesh very recently has proved itself to be prospective in RMG export to Japan also. In 1994-95, export of RMG to Japan from Bangladesh jumped up to US$ 5.61 million or by 168% of the previous years. It shows that the apparel producers are gradually catching up with quality requirement of the buyers in the international market.
The major share of the countrys RMG export market from the very beginning was led by US followed by EU. But during 1995, EU overtook the US. Among countries in EU, Germany has been topping the list over last several years followed by UK, France, Italy and The Netherlands. In 1995, Germany imported apparels worth US$ 317.86 million against US$ 245.39 million in 1994. Only Shirts and T-shirts that Germany imported in 1995 were worth US$ 202.36 million. As single country, however, US has been the highest apparel importing country for Bangladesh. (GOB 1996) Bangladesh Statistical Yearbook, 1995, Dhaka: BBS, BGMEA: 1996.
Objectives of the Study
To know the existing position of Bangladesh garments in international market;
To identify the difficulties and barriers faced in the international market;
To identify possible threats to the Bangladesh garments in the international market in near future;
To identify the opportunities of the Bangladeshi garments that may be realised in the international market.
To recommend the measurers needed to be taken for increasing the export volume.
Methodology
Since this study is clinical in nature, a number of techniques were used to collect the required information. Both primary and secondary information were collected. Primary technique involved questionnaire survey using purposive sampling, in addition in depth interview of prospective exporters and experts were also undertaken. Secondary study involved the study of existing literature and available documents of the exporters were also used.
Information have been collected from both the primary and secondary sources. Potential sources were BGMEA, export directory, BBS reports, International Trade Bodies of UN; various journals, magazines, publications of BEPB, BEPZs, selected daily and weekly newspapers, professional journals, specifically of international business, etc.
BANGLADESH: SPECIAL FEATURE
The competitive strength of a firm or a country in the market depends on its specific comparative advantage(s) which its competitors do not have. A particular uniqueness of a supplier shapes up its strategic advantage profile. In case of Bangladesh, this uniqueness is the unlimited availability of unusually cheap but usable labour. It is the abundant supply of the comparatively cheap labour that stands out as the significant strength. The RMG industry by its nature, is a low technology but labour intensive industry. The workers can be employed at very low wages, not only in comparison with other competitor countries, but also in comparison with other domestic industries in Bangladesh. In domestic market as well, the wages of the workers of the RMG industry happen to be the lowest. This should be apparent from the figures presented in Table – 1.
TABLE – 1
AVERAGE MINIMUM WAGES OF RMG INDUSTRY AS % OF AVERAGE MINIMUM WAGES OF 12 SELECTED INDUSTRIES
Sector/ Industries
Percentage (%)
Sector/ Industries
Percentage (%)
Jute Bailing
Cold Storage
Match
Pharmaceuticals